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Seeley's AnP > Ch 13 Special Senses > Flashcards

Ch 13 Special Senses Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors for odorants are

A

Olfactory hairs

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2
Q

What must be true in order to detect an odor?

A

A. The odorant must dissolve in mucus of the nasal cavity B. The dissolved odorant binds to receptors on olfactory hairs C. A G protein is activated when an odorant binds to its receptor which opens sodium and calcium gates D. All of the choices are true

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3
Q

What ion channels are opened to produce an action potential in olfactory neurons?

A

Calcium and sodium

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4
Q

Which of the following is NOT true of olfactory neurons?

A

They are located just inside the nasal cavity

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT one of the seven primary odors?

A

Salty

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6
Q

What is the function of basal cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Regenerate the olfactory epithelium and neurons

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7
Q

Odors can produce strong emotional reactions and memories because the olfactory cortex is part of the

A

Limbic system

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8
Q

Taste buds are located on structures called

A

Papillae

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9
Q

Which of the following is NOT a specialized epithelial cell found in taste buds?

A

A. Chorda tympani B. Taste cells C. Basal cells D. Supporting cells 10.

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10
Q

Which of the following is NOT a primary taste?

A

A. Umami B. Sweet C. Sour D. Pepperminty E. Bitter

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11
Q

Which primary odor serves to protect from poisons?

A

Bitter

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12
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves does NOT carry taste impulses to the brain?

A

Hypoglossal nerve

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13
Q

Which of the following is the correct sequence in the taste neural pathway?

A

Medulla oblongata, thalamus, parietal lobe

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14
Q

Which accessory structure of the eyes protect the eyes by preventing perspiration from getting into the eyes?

A

Eyebrows

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15
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the eyelids?

A

A. A barrier to microorganisms B. Protects the eyes from foreign objects C. Lubricates the eyes D. Regulate the amount of light entering the eyes

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16
Q

The blockage of a ciliary gland of the eyelashes is called a/an

A

Sty

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17
Q

What membrane covers the inside of the eyelid and the anterior white surface of the eye?

A

Conjunctiva

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18
Q

What structure produces tears?

A

Lacrimal apparatus

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19
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of tears?

A

A. Water B. Salt C. Lysozyme D. Sebum

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20
Q

What is the function of lysozyme in the eyes?

A

Killing bacteria

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21
Q

Which of the following is NOT an extrinsic eye muscle?

A

A. Superior rectus muscle B. Orbicularis oculi muscle C. Inferior oblique muscle D. Lateral rectus muscle

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22
Q

The clinical test for normal eye movement is the

A

H test

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23
Q

Which muscle causes the eye to abduct?

A

Lateral rectus

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve serves four of the six extrinsic eye muscles?

A

Oculomotor

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25
Q

Which eye layer and its components is matched correctly?

A

Nervous layer - retina

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26
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of the sclera?

A

Absorbs light

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27
Q

The most anterior portion of the sclera is the

A

Cornea

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28
Q

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cornea?

A

Vascular

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29
Q

What structure is responsible for most of the refraction of light entering the eye?

A

Cornea

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30
Q

What is the function of the choroid of the eye?

A

Absorbs light

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31
Q

What structures are attached to the lens to change its shape to focus light?

A

Suspensory ligaments

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32
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Control the size of the pupil

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33
Q

The area of the retina that contains the highest amount of photoreceptors is the

A

Fovea centralis

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34
Q

What area of the retina contains the least amount of photoreceptors?

A

Optic disc

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35
Q

What is found in the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye?

A

Aqueous humor

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36
Q

A build-up of aqueous humor will increase intraocular pressure and cause

A

Glaucoma

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37
Q

What is found in the vitreous chamber of the eye?

A

Vitreous humor

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38
Q

Which of the following is NOT a function of vitreous humor?

A

A. Holds the lens and retina in place B. Maintains the shape of the eye C. Refracts light D. All of the choices are correct***

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39
Q

The part of the electromagnetic spectrum that can be detected by the human eye is

A

Visible light

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40
Q

The process of bending light rays is called

A

Refraction

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41
Q

Causing light rays to converge at a point is called

A

Focusing

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42
Q

Which is the proper order of the focusing system of the eye?

A

Cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor

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43
Q

Fine adjustments to the refraction of light for focusing is performed by the

A

Lens

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44
Q

Increasing the curvature of the lens will _____ the refraction.

A

Increase

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45
Q

What is the distance that differentiates between far vision and near vision?

A

20 feet

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46
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the process used to focus light on the retina for near vision?

A

A. Pupil constriction B. Accommodation C. Reflection*** D. Convergence

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47
Q

The normal resting condition of the lens for far vision is called

A

Emmetrop

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48
Q

rocess of adjusting the thickness of the lens for near vision is called

A

Accommodation

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49
Q

The point at which the lens can not adjust to close objects is called the

A

Near point of vision

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50
Q

Depth of focus increases by

A

Constricting the pupil

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51
Q

The rotation of the eyes medially to view a close object is called

A

Convergence

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52
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the neural layer of the retina?

A

Pigment cells

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53
Q

Which photoreceptors are responsible for low-light and noncolor vision?

A

Rods

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54
Q

What is the first event that results in vision in rods?

A

Light causes retinal to change shape

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55
Q

The adjustment of the eyes when going from a lighted area to a dark area is called

A

Dark adaptation

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56
Q

What conditions are needed for cones to work properly?

A

Bright light

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57
Q

What visual pigment is found combined with opsin in cones?

A

Iodopsin

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58
Q

Which of the following is NOT a type of cone?

A

A. Blue B. Yellow *** C. Red D. Green

59
Q

What area of the retina has an abundance of cones and no rods?

A

Fovea centralis

60
Q

Visual acuity is enhanced with cones because

A

One cone synapses with one bipolar cell which synapses with one ganglion cell

61
Q

Which of the following is NOT an interneuron of the retina?

A

Ganglion cells

62
Q

What is the role of interneurons in the inner retina?

A

Help distinguish boundary differences between objects

63
Q

Which axons from the retina cross in the optic chiasm?

A

Nasal fields

64
Q

The optic radiations on the right side contain images from the

A

Nasal field of the right eye and temporal field of the left eye

65
Q

The ability to perceive depth and judge distance is due to

A

Binocular vision

66
Q

A lesion in the optic chiasm would result in loss of vision from the

A

Temporal fields of both eyes

67
Q

Which eye disorder results in clear vision of close objects and blurry vision of distant objects?

A

Myopia

68
Q

The result of myopia is an image focused

A

In front of the retina

69
Q

Myopia can be corrected with a

A

Concave lens

70
Q

Which eye disorder results in clear vision of distant objects and blurry vision of near objects?

A

Hyperopia

71
Q

The result of hyperopia is an image focused

A

Behind the retina

72
Q

Hyperopia can be corrected with

A

Convex lens

73
Q

The effect of aging on the accommodation ability of the lens is called

A

Presbyopia

74
Q

Astigmatism is caused by

A

Irregular cornea or lens

75
Q

Strabismus may be caused by

A

Weak eye muscles

76
Q

The decreased ability to function in dim light is called

A

Nyctalopia

77
Q

An excessive buildup of aqueous humor that increases intraocular pressure is

A

Glaucoma

78
Q

The clouding of the lens as a result of protein buildup is called

A

Cataracts

79
Q

The loss of visual acuity in older persons is called

A

Macular degeneration

80
Q

What structure separates the outer ear from the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane

81
Q

What is the function of the auricle of the ear?

A

Collects and directs sound waves

82
Q

What structure transmits collected sound waves to the tympanic membrane?

A

External acoustic meatus

83
Q

Which of the following is NOT an auditory ossicle?

A

A. Incus B. Cochlea **** C. Stapes D. Malleus

84
Q

Which of the following is NOT an opening into/out of the middle ear?

A

Vestibule

85
Q

What is the function of the auditory tube?

A

Equalizes pressure on tympanic membrane in the middle ear

86
Q

Which auditory ossicle is connected to the inner ear at the oval window?

A

Stapes

87
Q

Which of the following is NOT part of the bony labyrinth of the inner ear?

A

A. Chorda tympani **** B. Vestibule C. Cochlea D. Semicircular canals

88
Q

What fluid fills the membranous labyrinth?

A

Endolymph

89
Q

What is found in the space between the bony and membranous labyrinths?

A

Perilymph

90
Q

Which part of the inner ear is involved with sound?

A

Cochlea

91
Q

Which of the following is NOT a division of the cochlea?

A

Scala basili

92
Q

What is the actual organ of hearing?

A

Organ of Corti or spiral organ

93
Q

Which cochlear chamber is connected to the oval window into the middle ear?

A

Scala vestibuli

94
Q

What is found between the vestibular membrane and the basilar membrane of the cochlea?

A

Cochlear duct

95
Q

The specialized cell extensions of hair cells that will stimulate neurons for hearing are called

A

Stereocilia

96
Q

The longest stereocilia of the outer hair cells are embedded in the

A

Tectorial membrane

97
Q

Which event occurs first when the stereocilia bend toward the longest stereocilium?

A

The gating spring in the tip link between stereocilia to stretch

98
Q

What ion causes depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti?

A

Potassium

99
Q

What neurotransmitter is used by hair cells of the spiral organ of Corti?

A

Glutamate

100
Q

The resonance quality or overtones of a sound is called

A

Timbre

101
Q

What occurs to sound waves as they are transmitted by the auditory ossicles?

A

Amplifies the sound

102
Q

Sounds with a higher pitch will maximally distort the basilar membrane

A

Nearest the oval window

103
Q

What is the function of the round window?

A

Stops the sound waves from reflecting back toward the cochlear canal

104
Q

Which of the following would be the correct sequence in the propagation of sound waves through the ear?

A

tympanic membrane; 1. tympanic; 2. incus; 3. auricle; 4. perilymph of scala vestibuli; 5. external acoustic meatus; 6. malleus; 7. round window; 8. endolymph of cochlear canal; 9. stapes; 10. basilar membrane; 11. stereocilia of spiral organ; 12. perilymph of scala tympani; 13. oval window A. 3, 5, 1, 2, 6, 9, 7, 4, 8, 11, 10, 12, 13 (((B. 3, 5, 1, 6, 2, 9, 13, 4, 8, 10, 11, 12, 7))) C. 5, 1, 9, 3, 2, 6, 12, 7, 13, 11, 10, 8, 4 D. None of the choices are correct

105
Q

What cranial nerve carries the impulses for hearing to the auditory cortex?

A

Vestibulocochlear

106
Q

Which brain structure is NOT involved in neuronal pathways for hearing?

A

Basal nuclei

107
Q

Static balance is associated with the

A

Vestibule

108
Q

What structures are involved with static balance?

A

Both the utricle and saccule

109
Q

The structure of the macula includes

A

A. Stereocilia B. Kinocilium C. Otoliths in the otolithic membrane D. All of the choices are correct ******

110
Q

What ion produces depolarization in the stereocilia of the macula?

A

Potassium

111
Q

Where are the ear stones found?

A

Macula

112
Q

What structure is associated with dynamic balance?

A

Ampulla of the semicircular canals

113
Q

How does the crista ampullaris respond to rotational movements?

A

Endolymph bends the cupula that bends the stereocilia

114
Q

Which of the following nervous system parts is NOT involved with balance?

A

A. Medulla oblongata B. Auditory cortex **** C. Cerebellum D. Eyes

115
Q

The most common visual problem of older persons that requires medical treatment is

A

Cataracts

116
Q

Olfaction occurs in response to odorants entering the oral cavity.

A

F

117
Q

The olfactory epithelium along with the olfactory neurons are replaced about every two month

A

T

118
Q

Olfaction is a very adaptive sense.

A

T

119
Q

Taste hairs are specialized microvilli of taste cells found in taste buds.

A

T

120
Q

Depolarization of taste hairs requires that the tastants be dissolved in saliva and enter the taste pores.

A

T

121
Q

Taste is not related at all to smell.

A

F

122
Q

The meibomian glands of the eyelashes produce sebum that keeps tears from flowing over the edge of the eyelids.

A

T

123
Q

Pinkeye is also known as acute contagious conjunctivitis.

A

T

124
Q

Excess tears flow through lacrimal canaliculi into the oral cavity.

A

F

125
Q

A high amount of water in the cornea allows it to better transmit light.

A

F

126
Q

The sphincter pupillae muscles respond to sympathetic stimulation, while the dilator pupillae respond to parasympathetic stimulation.

A

F

127
Q

The color of the iris is due to genetic determined amounts of melanin.

A

T

128
Q

Another name for the optic disc is the blind spot.

A

T

129
Q

The lens is a biconcave disk that is avascular and transparent.

A

F

130
Q

If a lens is convex and thickest in the middle, light rays will converge.

A

T

131
Q

The image projected onto the retina is inverted.

A

T

132
Q

The lens should be relatively flat and thin for near vision.

A

F

133
Q

When the ciliary muscle contracts, the lens will become more rounded.

A

T

134
Q

The near point of vision gradually shortens as we get older.

A

F

135
Q

The light rays pass through the retina to reach the photoreceptors deep in the retina while the action potential travels toward the surface of the retina.

A

T

136
Q

The rods and cones face the vitreous chamber of the eye.

A

F

137
Q

The majority of the retina contains more rods and cones.

A

T

138
Q

The temporal part of the left visual field is projected onto the nasal portion of the retina of the left eye.

A

T

139
Q

The middle ear is a fluid-filled cavity containing the auditory ossicles.

A

F

140
Q

The specialized cells of the organ of Corti involved in hearing are called hair cells.

A

T

141
Q

The outer hair cells of the organ of Corti are most involved with hearing.

A

F

142
Q

Static balance is concerned with the position of the head relative to gravity and linear acceleration and deceleration.

A

T

143
Q

Moving the head backward to look up into the sky would cause the stereocilia of the macula to bend toward the kinocilium and change the position of the otoliths in the otolithic membrane.

A

T

144
Q

Age-related hearing loss is called presbyopia.

A

F

Seeley's AnP (6 decks)

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