Ch 13/14/15 Flashcards
a-
without absence of
epi-
upon over above on top
hemi-
half
intra-
within
mono-
one
para-
alongside or abnormal
poly-
excessive many over
quadri-
four
ather/o
fatty plaque
aut/o
self
cephal/o
head
cerebell/o
little brain/cerebellum
cerebr/o
brain/cerebrum
crani/o
skull/cranium
embol/o
plug
encephal/o
brain
gli/o
glue
gnos/o
knowledge
hem/o
blood
Hydr/o
water
later/o
side
mening/i mening/o
membrane
my/o
muscle
myel/o
spinal cord/medulla/myelin
narc/o
numbness
neur/o
nerve
poli/o
gray
scler/o
hard
thromb/o
clot
little vessel
vasculo
ventricul/o
little belly, ventricle
-al
pertaining to
-ar
pertaining to
-cele
hernia swelling protrusion
-ia
condition of
-ic
pertaining to
-ism
condition or disease
-lepsy
seizure
-malacia
softening
-oma
tumor
-osis
condition of
-pathy
disease
-plegia
paralysis
-rrhage
abnormal discharge
-troph
development
-us
pertaining to
an-
without, absence of
angi/o
blood vessel
dur/o
hard
ech/o
sound
electr/o
electricity
esthes/o
sensation
gangli/o ganglion/o
swelling/knot
psych/o
mind
radic/o
nerve root
rhiz/o
nerve root
tom/o
to cut
vag/o
vagus nerve
-algesia
pain
-ectomy
surgical removal
-gram
record or image
-graphy
recording process
-iatry
treatment, specialty
-ist
one who specializes
-logy
study or science of
-lysis
loosen/dissolve
-plasty
surgical repair
-rrhaphy
suturing
-tome
cutting instrument
-tomy
incision, to cut
bi-
two
dys-bad abnormal painful difficult
ment/o
mind
phren/o
mind
psych/o
mind
schiz/o
divide,split
somat/o
body
-lexia
pertaining to word or phrase
-mania
madness,frenzy
-osis
condition of
-phobia
fear
a-
without absence of
dipl-
double
hyper-
excessive abnormally high above
conjunctiv/o
bind together/conunctiva
cyst/o
bladder/sac
dacry/o
tear
ir/o
iris
kerat/o
hard/cornea
lith/o
stone
ophthalm/o
eye
presby/o
old age
retin/o
retina
sinus/o
cavity
stigmat/o
point
-iasis
condition of
-ism
condition or disease
-malacia
softening
-opia
condition of vision
-plegia
paralysis
intra-
within
ocul/o
eye
opt/o
eye
radi/o
radius
rhin/o
nose
-ar
pertaining to
-logist
one who studies
-metrist
one who measures
-stomy
surgical creation of an opening
-tomy
incision, to cut
extern/o
exterior
mastoid/o
resembling a breast
med/o
middle
ot/o
ear
presby/o
old age
scler/o
hard, sclera
-acusis
condition of hearing
-osis
condition of
audi/o
hearing
labyrinth/o
maze, inner ear
mastoid/o
resembling a breast
myring/o
membrane, eardrum
ot/o
ear
tympan/o
eardrum
-metry
measurement, process of measuring
-scope
instrument used for viewing
-scopy
process of viewing
-tomy
incision, to cut
endo-
within
para-
alongside abnormal
aden/o
gland
adren/o
adrenal gland
calc/i calc/o
calcium
carcin/o
cancer
crin/o
to secrete
glyc/o
sugar
Gonad/o
sex gland
myx/o
mucus
pancreat/o
sweetbread/pancreas
thyr/o
shield thyroid
thyroid/o
resembling shield, thyroid
-al
pertaining to
-emia
condition of blood
-ism
condition or disease
-megaly
abnormally large
-oma
tumor
-osis
condition of
-penia
abnormal reduction in number, deficiency
loss of ability to interpret sensory information disorder known as
agnosia
over 40, brain undergoes gradual deterioration resulting in confusion, short-term memory loss, restlessness and cognitive losses
alzheimers disease AD
progressive atrophy (loss) of muscle caused by hardening of nervous tissue on later columns of spinal cord
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS
Lou Gehrigs disease
developmental disorder varies severity with pt, withdrawal from outward reality and impaired development in social conduct and communication. “Disease of self”
autism
paralysis of face muscles on one side due to damage to the seventh cranial nerve
bell’s palsy
inflammation of cerebellum
cerebellitis
arteries channeling blood to brain weaken and bulge placing brain at great risk of damage resulting from a burst aneurysm
cerebral aneurysm
vessels gradually close due to accumulation of fatty plaques, reducing the floe of blood to the brain
cerebral atherosclerosis
moving blood clot in an artery of the brain
cerebral embolism
condition of bleeding from blood vessels associated with the cerebrum
cerebral hemorrhage
partial muscle paralysis persist through life caused by brain lesion present at birth or brain malfunction during early childhood
cerebral palsy (CP)
stroke (blood supply to brain is reduced or cut off resulting in irreversible death of brain crlld
CVA cerebrovascular accident
mini stroke
TIA transient ischemic attsck
Lodged stationary blood clot
thrombus
moving blood clots
emboli
several levels of abnormally decreased consciousness
coma
an injury to soft tissue resulting from blow or violent shaking
concussion
brain injury: bleeding that can result in functional losses and death
concussion
inflammation of brain
encephalitis
softening of brain tissue
encephalomalacia
A chronic brain disorder characterized by recurrent seizures, including convulsions and temporary loss of consciousness
epilepsy
neoplasm (tumor) of glial cells
glioma
neoplasm
abnormal growth
cerebrospinal fluid filling beyond head capacity due to Narrowing or blockage
hydrocephalus
Benign tumour of the meninges usually arising from the arachnoid Mater, and occurring within the superior sagittal sinus on top of the brain
meningioma
inflammation of the meninges usually caused by bacterial infection
meningitis
A protrusion of the meninges usually caused by a birth defect in the skull or spinal column
meningocele
Term associated with a protrusion of the meninges in spinal cord through a defective opening in the spinal column
meningomyelocele
Disease characterized by the deterioration of the myelin sheath covering axons within the brain
Multiple sclerosis
Inflammation of the spinal cord
myelitis
sleep disorder, characterized by sudden, uncontrollable episodes of sleep, attacks of paralysis and hypnagogic hallucinations
Narcolepsy
dreams intruding into the wakeful state
hypnogogic hallucinations
inflammation of a nerve
neuritis
inflammation of many nerves
polyneuritis
tumor originating from neuron
neuroma
damage to peripheral nerves due to any cause
neuropathy
polyneuropathy if multiple areas affected
muscles of legs and lower body paralyzed
paraplegia
one limb paralyzed
monoplegia
paralysis of one arm and one leg on same side paralyzed
hemiplegia
paralysis from neck down includes all 4 limbs
quadriplegia
chronic progressive degenerative disease of the brain characterized by tremors, rigidity, and shuffling gait:
parkinson’s disease (PD)
inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord sometimes resulting in paralysis or death
poliomyelitis
inflammation of the ventricles of the brain
ventriculitis
most common form of pain management (ibuprofen, asprin, acetominophen)
analgesic
opioid (codeine:morphine)
primary type of pain management used during surgical procedures
anesthesia
anesthesia is managed by anesthesiologist but administered by
anesthesist
diagnostic procedure reveals blood flow to brain by x-ray photo
cerebral angiography
procedure using computer to interpret series of xray images and construct them to a 3D view of brain
computed (axil) tomography scan
surgical removal of part of bony cranium
craniectomy
incision made through cranium to provide surgical access to brain
craniotomy
ultrasound used to record brain structures in search for abnormaloties
echoencephalography EchoEG
general type of treatment to manage neurological disorders
effectual drug therapy
meds reduce pt anxiety levels
antianxiety
meds to control convulsions occuring in disease such as epilepsy
anticonvulsants
meds used against fever
antipyretics
meds reduce hallucinations/confusion
antipsychotics
diagnostic procedure records electrical impulses if brain to measure brain activity
EEG electroencephalography
meds produce stupor or induce sleep
narcotics
meds used to calm agitated and anxious pts
tranquilizers/sedatives
injection of spinal block anesthetic into epidural space to manage pain
Epidural
group of diagnostic tests measuring changes in brain waves during particular stimuli to determine brsin function. Evaluates sight, hearing and other senses
( EP studies)evoked potential studies
surgical removal of a ganglion
gangliectomy
withdrawal (aspiration) of CSF from subarachnoid space in the lumbar region of vertebral column where spinal cord is absent
lumbar puncture (LP)
diagnostic procedure using powerful magnets used to observe soft tissues in body including brain
magnetic resonance imaging
xray photograph of the spinal cord following injection of a contrast dye
myelogram
procedure of myelogram is myelography
surgical removal of nerve
neurectomy
study and medical practice of nervous system
neurology
physician specializing in neurology
neurologist
procedure of separating a nerve by removing unwanted adhesions
neurolysis
surgical repair of nerve
neuroplasty
suturing of nerves
neurorraphy
incision into a nerve
neurotomy
scan using radioactive chemical to provide a map of metabolically active cells within the brain
positron emission tomography
branch of medicine addressing disorders of brain resulting in mental, emotional, behavioral disturbances
psychiatry
drug therapy targeting brain
psychopharmacology
psychiatric therapy to improve pts quality of life
psychoanalysis
field not a medical specialty . Study of human behavior
psychology
uses applied psychology to treat patients suffering from behavioural disorders and emotional trauma
clinical psychology
technique used in treating behavioral and emotional issues
psychotherapy
surgical incision into a nerve root
radicotomy or rhizotomy
series of diagnostic tests performed to observe the body’s response to touch stimuli
reflex testing
powerful chemical that dissolves blood clots in vessels supplying the brain is known as
tPA tissue plasminogen activator
several branches of vagus nerve severed to reduce acid secretion into stomach to help reduce reoccurrence of peptic ulcer or reduce pain from digestive organs
vagotomy
Occurs when mental state dominates behaviour usually an acute response includes restlessness, psychological tension, tachycardia, and shortness of breath
anxiety disorder
Neurological disorder, characterized by short attention, span, and poor concentration, usually associated with school-age children, but can also affect adults
attention-deficit disorder
mental disorder affects cognitive functions of the cerebrum, causing alternating periods of high energy and mental confusion, known as mania with low energy and mental depression
bipolar disorder
mental confusion
mania
An impairment of mental function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion, usually associated with old age sometimes the companies Alzheimer’s
dementia
Reading handicapped, that’s neurological cause with some letters and numbers are reversed in order by the brain
dyslexia
And emotional disorder of a normally hi psycho motor activity, which includes excitement a rapid movement of ideas on stable, attention, sleeplessness, and confusion between reality and imagination
mania
Individual believes oneself to be a person of great fame or wealth
megalomania
An emotional disorder involving a counterproductive way of dealing with mental stress
neurosis
Person experiencing persistent delusions of persecution, resulting in mistrust and combativeness
paranoia
An irrational, obsessive fear
phobia
People who have experienced severe mental strain, physical threat or injury, such as military combat or physical assault or emotional trauma, suffered from a cute condition. That includes sleeplessness, anxiety and paranoia.
post traumatic stress disorder
General term for a mental or emotional disorder
psychopathy
individual suffering from a grossss torsion or disorganization of their mental capacity, emotional response and capacity to recognize reality, and relate to others may be diagnosed with the disease known as
psychosis most common form shizophrenia
influence of the mind over bodily functions, especially disease among some people their mind creates symptoms of suggest an illness when sick physical signs are absent and others can be real physical illness, resulting from mental anxiety, such as peptic ulcer and hypertension
psychosomatic
Most common form of psychosis, characterized by delusions, hallucinations, and extensive withdrawal from other people in the outside world
schizophrenia
Commonly known as lazy eye, common cause of vision, loss, in children when nerve pathway from one eye failing to develop sending a blur damage to the brain (mixed message confuses the brain leading to vision loss if not treated)
amblyopia
one or both eyes crossed (squinting)
strabismus
one or both eyes turned inward
Esotropia
one eye turned outward
exotropia
lens in eye becomes transparent
cataract
“Pinkeye” inflammation of thin membrane covering exposed part of eye and inner eyelid
conjunctivitis
tear forming gland with associated tubes and chambers mainly located near medial side of each eyeball
lacrimal apparatus
presence of rocky particles in lacrimal apparatus
dacryolithiasis
dacryolithiasis painful condition leads to inflammation of lacrimal apparatus
dacryocystitis
common cause of blindness when retina tears away from choroid layer of the eye
detached retina
condition of double vision
diplopia
loss of vision when fluid pressure within anterior chamber of eye rises above normal and spreads pushing against delicate retina and optic nerve
glaucoma
meibomian gland is small gland in eyelid secretes lubricating fluid onto the conjunctiva. An infection of this gland produces local swelling of eyelid
hordeolum or sty
Chronic form is chalazion
bacterial infection causing inflammation of iris
iritis
inflammation of cornea
keratitis
progressive deterioration of the macula lutea leads to loss of visual focus
macular degeneration
softening of the eye
opthalmomalacia
paralysis of the eye
opthalmoplegia
disease of retina
retinopathy
Conditions of the eye result in reduction of vision, resulting from an error in the refraction (bending) of light as it travels through the eye
refractive errors
nearsightedness
myopia
farsightedness
hyperopia
age related form of refractive error beginning soon after age of 40 (hyperopia worsens with time)
presbyopia
curvature of eye defective resulting in blurred near and far vision
Astigmatism
normal condition of the eye
emmetropia
lens damaged by cataract is surgically removed and replaced with artificial lens
cataract extraction
technique is phacoemulsification
articial lens
Intra ocular lens (IOL)
Treatment of corneal damage injured cornea removed and replaced by implantation of donor or synthetic cornea
corneal grafting
tiny holes created through retina by laser treatment which welds retina back into place
cryopexy
“Surgical fixation by freezing”
tiny band attached to white outsidr layer of eye to push the wall of eye against detached retina
scleral buckling
channel surgically created between nasal cavity and lacrimal sac to promote drainage
dacryocystorhinostomy
laser to reshape corneal tissue beneath surface of cornea to correct refractive errors
LaSIk
laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis
health professional trained to examine eyes to correct vision problems and eye disorders
optometrist
Physician specializing in study of treatment of diseases associated with the eyes
opthalmologist
Form of refractive surgery because it corrects refractive error of myopia
radial keratotomy
formation of a cyst like ball of epithelial cells in middle ear
cholesteatoma
inflammation of mastoid (process of temporal bone of skull housing middle and internal ear)
mastoiditis
Chronic disease of the inner ear
Menieres disease
general term for inflammation of the ear
otitis
Another form of otitis where middle ear is involved to cause local pain and a temporary loss of hearing
otitis media
abnormal formation of bone within ear
otosclerosis
gradual loss of hearing with advancing age is a very common condition
presbyacusis
one who specializes in hearing disorders and treatment
audiologist
procedure involving measurement of hearing is usually performed by
audiologist
small electronic device that helps provide sensation of sound to person dead or hard of hearing
cochlear implant
inner ear or labyrinth surgically removed
labyrinthectomy
surgical removal of part of mastoid process of temporal bone
mastoidectomy
making incision into mastoid process in procedure
mastoidotomy
surgical repair of ear drum
myringoplasty
incision into the eardrum
myringotomy
medical field of ear disorders and their treatment
otology
instrument used in physical exam to view ear canal and ear drum
otoscope
Procedure evaluates elasticity of eardrum by measuring its movement
tympanometry
surgical repair of the ear drum
tympanoplasty
child suffering from thyroid glands ability to produce normal levels of growth hormone at birth
congenital hypothyroidism
condition caused by excessive secretion of hormone cortisol by adrenal cortex snd affecting many organs
cushing syndrome
hypo secretion of anti diuretic hormone by pituitary gland
diabetes insipidus
result of resistance of body cells to insulin or deficiency or complete lack of insulin production by cells of pancreas
diabetes mellitus
when unmanaged diabetes worsens leading to kidney failure and damage to the eyes
diabetic retinopathy
general term for disease of endocrine system
endocrinopathy
excessive activity of one or more adrenal glands
hyperadrenalism
adrenal gland activity becomes abnormally reduced, resulting in the early symptom’s of fatigue and darkening of skin
hypoadrenalism if left untreated becomes addisons disease
disease where calcium levels in the blood become abnormally high
hypercalcemia
condition of abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
hypocalcemia
blood sugars fall to abnormally low levels
hypoglycemia
excessive production of parathyroid hormone by the glands
hyperparathyroidism
excessive activity of the thyroid gland produces abnormally high levels of thyroid hormone
hyperthyroidism
thyroid gland activity becomes deficient, thyroid hormone blood levels drop below normal
hypothyroidism
abnormal levels of FSH and LH result in reduced sexual interest and reproductive capacity. If before puberty can cause failurr to develop secondary sex characteristics
hypogonadism
inflammation of pancreas
pancreatitis
abnormally high production of pituitary growth hormone b4 adulthood
pituitary gigantism
pituitary growth hormone is deficient at birth resulting in short stature
pituitary dwarfism
Inflammation of thyroid
thyroiditis
surgical excision, removal of one or both of the adrenal glands
adrenalectomy
physician specializing in field of endocrine disorders
endocrinologist
blood sugar levels measured after a 12 hr fast
fasting blood sugar
blood sugar levels are measured about 2 hrs after a meal
postprandial blood sugar
postprandial
after a meal
test used to confirm diagnoses of diabetes mellitus examines a pt’s tolerance of glucose
glucose tolerance test
common therapy to counteract hyposecretion of the endocrine gland
hormone replacement therapy
Surgical excision or removal of a parathyroid gland
parathyroidectomy
Diagnostic procedure used to track and measure its entry into thyroid gland cells with a scanning instrument
radioactive iodine
radioactive therapy target cells within thyroid gland and destroys them
radioiodine therapy
procedure measuring thyroid function
thyroid scan
thyroid tumor
thyroidoma
Surgical removal of thyroid gland
thyroidectomy
procedure which thyroid gland is surgically entered
thyroidotomy
thyroid gland evaluated for disease using ultrasound in procedure
thyroid ultrasonography
parathyroid and thyroid removal surgery
thyroparathyroidectomy
diagnostic test measuring thyroxine levels in the blood
thyroxine test
