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A&P Unit 2 > Ch. 12 Neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Ch. 12 Neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 5 major categories of neurotransmitters?

A
  1. biogenic amines
  2. amino acids
  3. neuropeptides
  4. dissolved gases
  5. purines (ATP)

..others

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2
Q

synapses that release norepinephrine

A

adrenergic synapses

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3
Q

What causes Parkinson’s Disease?

A

Neurons that produce dopamine are damaged.

Dopamine has inhibitory effect to control muscle movement. Ex - prevents overstimulation of neurons that control muscle tone.

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4
Q

What creates the cocaine “high”?

A

Inhibits removal of dopamine from synapses

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5
Q

What are the two dissolved gas neurotransmitters?

A
  1. Nitric oxide - synaptic terminals that innervate smooth muscle
  2. Carbon monoxide
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6
Q

What are opiods?

What are the four classes?

What do they do?

A

Neuromodulators that act by binding to receptors in pre- or post-synaptic membranes and activating cytoplasmic enzymes

  1. endorphins
  2. enkephalins
  3. endomorphins
  4. dynomorphins

inhibit the release of substance P (neurotransmitter that relays pain sensations)

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7
Q

What are the three functional groups of neurotransmitters/neuromodulators?

A
  1. direct effect on membrane potential (ionotropic)
  2. indirect effect on membrane potential (metatropic). Involve G-Proteins or Intracellular Enzymes.
  3. lipid-soluble gases that exert effects inside cell
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8
Q

Biogenic Amines (5)

A
  1. Norepinephrine (Indirect - G proteins)
  2. Epinephrine (indirect - G proteins)
  3. Dopamine (indirect - G proteins)
  4. Serotonin (indirect - G proteins
  5. Histamine (indirect - G proteins)
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9
Q

Amino Acids

A

Excitatory:
Glutamate -
Indirect (G-proteins)
Direct (opens calcium channels on synaptic membranes)

Aspartate
Direct or indirect (G-proteins)

Inhibitory:

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
Direct: Opens Cl- channels
indirect (G-proteins): open K+ channels

Glycine
Direct: Opens Cl- channels

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10
Q

Group and Mechanism of Action

Glutamate

A

AMINO ACIDS

Excitatory; memory and learning. Most important excitatory neurotansmitter in brain.

  1. Indirect
    G-proteins
  2. Direct
    opens calcium & sodium channels on pre/post - synaptic membranes)
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11
Q

Group and Mechanism of Action:

Aspartate

A

AMINO ACIDS

Excitatory - involved in voluntary motor control

  1. Direct
  2. Indirect (G-Proteins)
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12
Q

Group and Mechanism of Action:

Gamma-aminobutyic acid (GABA)

A

AMINO ACIDS

Inhibitory

  1. Direct:
    * Opens Cl- channels
  2. Indirect G-proteins
    * Opens K+ channels
    * Blocks entry of Ca2+
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13
Q

Group and mechanism of action:

Glycine

A

AMINO ACIDS

Inhibitory: Post-synaptic inhibition

Direct: Opens Cl- channels

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14
Q

What does the poison strychnine do?

A

Causes fatal convulsions by blocking glycine receptors

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15
Q

Neuropeptides (6)

A
  1. Substance P
  2. Neuropeptide Y
  3. Opiods/Endorphins
  4. Enkephalins
  5. Endomorphin
  6. Dynorphin
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16
Q

Group and mechanism of action:

Substance P

A

Neuropeptides

Indirect: G proteins & Second Messengers

Important in pain pathway, regulation of pituitary gland, control digestive reflexes

17
Q

Group and Mechanism of Action:

Neuropeptide Y

A

Neuropeptides (All indirect: G proteins & Second Messengers)

Stimulates apetite and food intake

18
Q

Group & Action:

  1. Opiods and Endorphins
  2. Enkephalins
  3. Endomorphins
  4. Dynorphin
A

Neuropeptides (All indirect: G proteins & Second Messengers)

Pain control; emotional and behavioral effects not understood

19
Q

Group & Action

ATP and GTP

A

Purines

Direct or indirect (G-proteins)

20
Q

Group & Action

Adenosine

A

Purines

Indrect: G proteins & Second Messengers

Produces drowsiness (stimulatory effect of caffein is due to inhibition of adenosine activity)

21
Q

HORMONES

A

ADH

Oxytocin

insulin

glucagon

secretin

CCK, GIP, VIP

inhibins

ANP, BNP

22
Q

Group and Action:

Carbon Monoxide & Nitric Acid

A

Gases

Indirect: Diffusion to enzymes activating second messengers

poorly understood

23
Q

Group & Action:

Anandamide

A

Lipids

Indirect: G-proteins and second messengers

Euphoria, drowsiness, appetite (receptors targeted by THC in marijuana)

A&P Unit 2 (12 decks)

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