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DAT Bio > ch 12 > Flashcards

ch 12 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Parthogenesis

A

unfertilized egg develops into a viable organism(honey bees that display haplodiploid)

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2
Q

Spermatogonia

A

male germ cell that undergoes 2 meiotic divisions to become spermatids and differentiate into sperm

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3
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

site of spermatogensis

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4
Q

sertoli cells

A

activated by FSH, surround and nourish sperm. Produces inhibin which inhibits FSH

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5
Q

spermatogenic cells

A

produce spermatozoa

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6
Q

epididymis

A

non-mature sperm travels via peristalsis to here for maturation

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7
Q

Path of ejaculation

A

seminiferous tubules > Epididymis > Vas Deferens > ejaculatory Duct > urethra > penis

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8
Q

seminal vesicles

A

secrete fructose (for ATP production in sperm), mucus, cleans and lubricates urethra, and postagladins

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9
Q

prostate gland

A

alkaline secretions to counteract acidity of uterus

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10
Q

Bulbourerthral glands

A

viscous mucus

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11
Q

Hormones in males

A

FSH- sperm development

LH- stims leydig cells to produce testosterone

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12
Q

oviduct

A

where eggs travel from ovary to uterus

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13
Q

uterus layers

A

perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium

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14
Q

oogonia

A

female germ cells, majority die but some differentiate into primary oocytes and are arrested in prophase 1 till puberty

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15
Q

end of meiosis 2 after fertilization

A

1-2 polar bodies and 1 oocyte are formed

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16
Q

hormones in females

A

FSH- follicles in ovary development + production of estrogen and progesterone
LH- stimulates ovulation , corpus luteum formation

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17
Q

Menstrual cycle

A

1) follicular phase- hypothalamus releases GnRH, anterior pituitary releases FSH and LH, FSH binds to ovaries and causes follicles to develop, releases estrogen, endometrium thickens, LH spike, ovulation
2) Ovulation- egg released from Graafian follicle, and egg travels down oviduct awaiting sperm
3) Luteal phase- follicle develops into corpus luteum which produces progesterone and estrogen, and uterine lining thickens
4) if no implantation- LH and FSH drop, corpus luteum no longer maintained, progesterone and estrogen levels drop, endometrium sloughs off
5) if implantation- outer layer of placenta produces HCG which maintains corpus luteum, progesterone and estrogen levels maintained

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18
Q

corona radiata

A

outmost layer of egg which nourishes egg

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19
Q

Vitelline layer

A

made of glycoproteins layer in eggs in non-mammals

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20
Q

zona pellucida

A

layer under corona radiata in mammals made of glycoproteins

21
Q

Capa Citation

A

final maturation step for sperm prior to fertilization, destabilizes sperm plasma membrane and results in prep of sperm tip at acrosome, and increased calcium permeability making it hyperactive

22
Q

Acrosomal reaction

A

recognition between sperm and egg before fusion, ensures same species, sperm binds to ZP3 protein on zona pellucida, and sperm head releases enzymes to digest zona pellucida and allow sperm to fuse with egg

23
Q

polyspermy block

A

prevents polyploidy by preventing polyspermy

1) fast block- Na+ flow into egg and depolarize it preventing sperm binding
2) slow block- gradual, long lasting, Ca+ released into egg to stimulate cortical reaction which makes zona pellucida impenetrable

24
Q

monozygotic twins

A

identical, one zygote splits and makes two embryos with identical genetic material

25
Q

dizygotic twins

A

fraternal twins, two separate eggs fertilized by 2 separate sperms.

26
Q

radial cleavage

A

aligned in vertical axis (deutersomes)

27
Q

serial cleavage

A

misaligned cells, deviate from axis (protostomes)

28
Q

holoblastic cleavage

A

evenly divides embryo in animals with little yolk (humans, sea urchins) exception: frogs

29
Q

meroblastic cleavage

A

partial cleavage, not evenly divided, in animals with a lot of yolk, exhibits polarity with animals pole and vegetal pole

30
Q

morula

A

ball of blastomeres at 12-16 cells

31
Q

blastula stage

A

128 cells stage

32
Q

bastocoel

A

hollow, fluid filled center

33
Q

Blastula form:

A

1) trophoblast- forms embryonic membrane, implants embryos in uterus, produced HCG
2)inner cell mass- forms embryo, differentiates into
epiblast- contriubutes to main embryo and cells thicken to form primitive streak
hypoblast- partially contributes to yolk sac

34
Q

gastrulation

A

formation of trilaminar embryo, epiblast cells invaginate inwards through primitive streak to form 3 layers: endoderm, mesoderm, ectoderm

35
Q

ectoderm forms

A

CNS, PNS, sensory parts of ear eye nose, epidermis layer of skin, hair, nails, mammary and sweat glads, pigmentation cells, enamel, adrenal medulla

36
Q

mesoderm forms

A

bone and skeleton, muscle, cardiovascular, gonads, adrenal cortex, spleen, notochord

37
Q

ectoderm forms

A

epithelial lining of digestive, respiratory, exceretory, pancreas, liver, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus

38
Q

neurulation

A

nervous system development

39
Q

notochord

A

stimulates ectoderm to thicken forming neural plate

40
Q

neural plate

A

fold onto itself causing neural fold, which will continue ro fold onto itself forming neural tube

41
Q

neural tube

A

differentiates into CNS, mesoderm cells form two masses alongside notochord and become vertebrate and skeletal muscles

42
Q

Amnion

A

innermost layer, membrane around embryo secretes embryonic fluid

43
Q

chorion

A

outermost layer, in mammals it forms placenta and in egg-laying it is a membrane for gas exchange

44
Q

allantois

A

sac that buds off the archenteron. Stores waste for disposal.
Mammals- become umbilical cord
egg laying- initially stores uric acid then fuses with chorion

45
Q

yolk sac

A

mammals- transient function until placenta develops, first site of blood cell formation
egg laying- sole provider of nutrients

46
Q

embryonic induction

A

organizers secrete chemicals that influence what neighboring cells become in the future

47
Q

homeotic genes

A

master controller, turns genes on and off

48
Q

egg cytoplasmic determinant

A

if egg cytoplasm is unevenly distributed, an axis is created influencing how the embryo divides during cleavage

DAT Bio (4 decks)

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