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DAT Bio > Body systems 11.4-7 > Flashcards

Body systems 11.4-7 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Axon Hillock

A

where axon is connected to cell body, summation of graded potentials

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2
Q

myelian sheath

A

fatty insulation that speeds up action potential propagation by stopping ion exchange

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3
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

central nervous system part of myelian sheath

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4
Q

Schwann cells

A

Peripheral nervous system part of myelian sheath

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5
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

gaps between myelian sheaths where ion exchange occurs, propagation of action potential occurs here jumping from gap to gap

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6
Q

action potential steps

A

1) resting: -70 maintained by Na+ and K+ where three Na+ are pumped out and 2 K+ are pumped in
2) Stimulus causes threshold to -55, which causes NA+ ion channels to open allowing NA to flow in and depolarize neuron
3) repolarization of neuron through letting K+ out
4) When potential is less negative that normal threshold, it is hyperpolarizatoin and another potential cannot be fired
5) back to normal

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7
Q

Absolute refractory period

A

after initiation where another potential cannot be fired no matter how strong the stimulus is

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8
Q

Relative refractory

A

stronger than normal stimulus can cause another action potential to be fired

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9
Q

Synapse

A

space between two neurons

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10
Q

synaptic transmission

A

1) action potential reaches end of presynaptic neuron, causing voltage gated calcium channels to release Ca 2+ into neuron
2) Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to fuse and release neurotransmitter into the synapse
3) neurotransmitters bind to ligand-gated ion Chanels in post synaptic neuron, producing graded potentials
4) Graded potentials summate at axon hillock, and action will fire if summation of graded potentials is greater than threshold of neurons

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11
Q

Excitatory postsynaptic potential

A

graded potential that depolarizes membrane, NA+ ions flow into cell

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12
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential

A

hyper polarizes membrane, K+ gates open letting K+ flow out, also allows influx of cl-

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13
Q

Microglial cells

A

macrophages that protect CNS

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14
Q

Macroglial cells (types)

A

1) Astrocytes- recylce neurotransmitters + provide blood supply to CNS
2) Schwann cells- myelian sheath in PNS
3) Oligodendrocytes- myelian sheath in CNS
4) Satellite cells- provide blood supply to PNS
5) Ependymal cells- produce cerebrospinal fluid which protects CNS

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15
Q

Frontal lobe functions

A

decision making, long term planning, problem solving, emotions

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16
Q

temporal lobe

A

speech/language, hearing

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17
Q

Occupital lobe

A

sight

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18
Q

Parietal lobe

A

spatial/visual perception, touch, pain, temperature

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19
Q

Thalamus

A

“relay center” between cerebellum and midbrain

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20
Q

limbic system

A

next to thalamus, composed of hypothalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. Responsible for emotion, memory. learning+ motivation

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21
Q

dorsal roots

A

how signals get sent to spinal cord then to brain

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22
Q

ventral roots

A

sending signals back out to muscles

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23
Q

Meninges

A

protect CNS, 3 layers: Dura, arachnoid, Pia “DAP”

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24
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

voluntary, motor action and sensory input part of PNS. Skeletal muscles

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25
Q

Autonomic

A

involuntary, sympathies (fight or flight) Parasympathetic(rest+digest)

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26
Q

Ganglion

A

cluster of nerve bodies in PNS
Sympathetic: short preganglionic nerves and long postganglionic nerves
Parasympathetic: opposite

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27
Q

Cochlea

A

uses fluids+hairs to convert mechanical signal into neuronal signal known as transduction

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28
Q

Olfactory receptor cells

A

sense molecules and send them to olfactory cortex which gives us sense of smell

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29
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Involuntary, not striated, 1 nucleus per cell

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30
Q

cardiac muscle

A

Involuntary, striated, 1 nucleus per cell

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31
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Voluntary, many nuclei per cell, striated

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32
Q

Muscle structure

A

Muscle, muscle fascicles, muscle fibers, myofibrils

33
Q

sarcolemma

A

muscle fibers cell membrane

34
Q

sarcomeres

A

functional unit of muscle and shorten to cause contraction

35
Q

Stimulation of muscle contraction

A

1) action potential reaches end of neuron axon
2) Acetlycholine is released as neurotransmitter between presynaptic and postsynaptic skeletal muscle at neuromuscular junction
3) Acetylcholine binds to ligand gated ion channels, allowing Na to flow into the cell creating graded potentials
4) graded potential triggers opening of voltage gated ions channels which may produce action potentials on the muscle.

36
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

releases stored calcium cells into sarcoplasm through voltage gated ion Chanels when triggered by depolarization

37
Q

Troponin

A

calcium ions bind to this which removes tropomyosin from myosin binding sites on actin, allowing myosin to interact with actin

38
Q

Cross bridge cycling

A

1) calcium ions expose myosin binding sites on actin
2) cocked back, high energy myosin head (ADP + P) forms a cross bridge with the actin.
3) myosin head contract and power stroke occurs, bringing myosin her back to low energy, releasing ADP + P.
4) New ATP molecule binds to myosin causing detachment of myosin head from actin filament
5) myosin hydrolyzes ATP to ADP + P and goes back to high energy state
6) sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps Ca back into itself causing trop non to bind back with tropomyosin.

39
Q

Z lines

A

end of sarcomeres, acton filaments branch from here

40
Q

M lines

A

midpoints were thich myosin filaments branch from

41
Q

I band

A

only actin filaments are present

42
Q

A band

A

where actin+myosin overlap

43
Q

H zone

A

only myosin present

44
Q

Summation

A

twitches add up to create a larger overall contraciton

45
Q

wave summation

A

depolarization of a motor unit again during a relaxation phase, may cause tetanus

46
Q

motor unit summation

A

different motor units simulated at different times to produce intended amount of contraction

47
Q

endoskeleton

A

axial- core bones
appendicular
skeleton- limbs

48
Q

long bones

A

made of cortical bones+ pockets of cancellous bone

49
Q

diaphysis

A

long hollow shaft in center of bone

50
Q

medullary cavity

A

within diaphysis+ had red and yellow bone marrow

51
Q

metaphysis

A

similar to epiphysis and found between medullary cavity and epiphyseal plates

52
Q

epiphyseal plate

A

growth plate between epiphysis and metaphysic, works to lengthen diaphysis through ossification

53
Q

sesamoid bones

A

found within tendons to help muscles pull

54
Q

cortical bone

A

dense outer layer that supports weight of bodies

55
Q

osteons

A

cortical bones functional unit, composed of tiny multi layered cylinders

56
Q

Haversian canals

A

tubes that contain blood vessels for nutrient supply

57
Q

Lamellae

A

layers of osteon

58
Q

Lacunae

A

small spaces between lamellae that hold cells + interconnect through canaliculi

59
Q

canaliculi

A

small channels that connect lacunae and Haversian canal

60
Q

volksmann canals

A

connect Haversian canals to periosteum which provides nutrients. Interconnects osteons with each other and with periosteum

61
Q

Osteoprogenitors

A

immature precursor cells that differentiate into osteoblasts

62
Q

Osteocytes

A

live in lacunae in osteons to maintain bone

63
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

increases blood Ca by stimulating osteoclasts

64
Q

Vitamin D

A

increase blood calcium by raising intestinal calcium absorption

65
Q

calcitonin

A

decreases blood calcium, activates osteoblasts

66
Q

osteoid

A

organic component of bone containing many proteins such as collagen

67
Q

hydroxyapatite

A

inorganic material and component of bone that gives its density and strength

68
Q

Intramembraneous ossification

A

bone created directly within fibrous membranes, mainly for flat bones. eventually created cortical bone

69
Q

endochronal ossification

A

bone created indirectly through a cartilage model, daily for long bones. Cartilage model calcifies during fetal development

70
Q

tendons

A

muscles to bones

71
Q

ligaments

A

bone to bone

72
Q

periosteum

A

membrane that covers cortical bone with an outer fibrous layer (vascularized) and an inner/ cambium layer (collagen for attachment to cortical bone)

73
Q

chondroblasts

A

build cartilage through collagen and elastin

74
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

slightly flexible and important in providing support to joints

75
Q

fibrous cartilage

A

high rigidity and resists tension

76
Q

elastic cartilage

A

highly flex

77
Q

synarthroses

A

dense, fibrous joints that don’t move

78
Q

amphiarthroses

A

cartilaginous joints that partially move

79
Q

diarthroses

A

synovial joints that fully move (hyaline cartilage)

DAT Bio (4 decks)

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