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DAT Bio > 11.7-11.10 > Flashcards

11.7-11.10 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Peptide hormones

A

produced in rough ER, made of amino acids connected by peptide bonds.
Actions: bind to cell surface receptors because they cannot pass through cell membrane, indirect stimulation through secondary messengers

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2
Q

G protein coupled receptors

A

cell surface receptors that initiate secondary response after binding to peptide hormone. G protein dissociates into alpha beta gamma subunits

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3
Q

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

A

cell receptor that dimerizes and initiated secondary messenger responses. Cross phosphorylate eeachother and vitiate secondary messenger

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4
Q

steroid hormones

A

produced in smooth ER, 4 ringed.
Action: needs protein carrier to travel through blood because it is lipophilic. Freely crosses cell membrane and binds to receptors in cytoplasm or nucleus to form molecule-receptor complexes that bind to DNA and influence gene transcription. Direct stimulation.

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5
Q

amino acid hormones

A

produced in rough ER, similar to peptide and steroid

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6
Q

hypothalamus

A

maintains body homeostasis

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7
Q

Pituitary gland (location)

A

under hypothalamus and made of 2 lobes

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8
Q

Posterior pituitary

A

releases anti-dieuretic hormone, which increases water retention. also releases oxytocin which causes urine contractions during child birth and milk for breastfeeding

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9
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

made of glandular tissue and releases its own hormones

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10
Q

hypothalamic releasing hormones

A

1) GnRH- stimulated production of FSH, LH
2) TRH- release of thyroid stimulating hormone
3) CRH- release of adrenocorticotropic hormone
4) GRH- release of growth hormone

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11
Q

hypothalamic inhibitory hormones

A

inhibit the release of hormones

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12
Q

Tropic

A

target other endocrine glands for further hormone release (FSH, LH, ACTH (stimulates release of glucocorticoids to fight stress) ,TSH (stimulates T3+ T4 production)

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13
Q

Direct hormones

A

Target organs directly for effect (prolactin, Growth hormone)

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14
Q

Pineal Gland

A

produces melatonin which regulates circadian rhythm

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15
Q

thyroid gland hormones

A

1) T3- released in response to TSH and increases metabolism, negative feedback with TSH
2) T4- less potent than T3 but more stable, same function
3) calcitonin

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16
Q

hypothyroidism

A

under-secretion of t3+t4, reduced metabolism

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17
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

over secretion of t3+t4, increased metabolism which results in enlargement of thyroid gland

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18
Q

Pancreas endocrine cells

A

1) alpha cells- secrete glucagon in response to low glucose, raises glucose through stimulating liver and fat tissue
2) Beta- secrete insulin in response to high blood glucose
3) delta- secrete somatostatin, which inhibits growth hormone. Inhibits secretion of glucagon and insulin

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19
Q

Adrenal gland

A

has outer cortex and inner medulla

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20
Q

cortex functions

A

deals with long term stress, stimulated by ACTH, releases steroid hormones, raises blood glucose(glucocorticoid) to fuel long term stress, increases blood volume and pressure(mineralcorticoids), produces small amount of male sex hormones

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21
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

short term stress, sympathetic nervous system, releases amino acid derived hormones, increases blood flow

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22
Q

Amylase

A

breaks down starch into maltose in the mouth when chewing

23
Q

epiglottis

A

blocks trachea to prevent choking

24
Q

cardiac sphincter

A

where the food enters the stomach

25
Q

Gastrin functions

A

1) stimulates parietal cells to release acidic gastric juice

2) stimulates chief cells to secrete gastric lipase and pepsinogen which is converted to pepsin.

26
Q

Pepsin

A

Cleaves peptide bonds, breaks down proteins

27
Q

small intestine parts

A

“DJ EYE” duodenum (digestion), jejunum, and ileum (absorption)

28
Q

cholecystokinin (CCK)

A

released by small intestine, slows gastric emptying, stimulates pancreas to release digestive enzymes+ tells gall bladder to release bile into duodenum

29
Q

Bile

A

emulsifies fats, produced by liver and stored in gall bladder

30
Q

Pancreas functions

A

secretes HCO3-, pancreatic amylases, and proteases. Converts trypsinogen into trypsin, and eventually converts chymotrypsinogen into chymotrypsin

31
Q

Liver functions

A

1) blood maintenance- stores blood, detoxifies blood, destroys erythrocytes and bacteria, kupfer cells eat bacteria and break down hemoglobin
2) glucose metabolism:
glycogenesis- conversion of glucose into glycogen
glucogenolysis- glycogen converted to glucose
glucuoneogenesis- glycerol+amino acids into glucose when glycogen stores are depleted
3) protein metabolism- synthesis plasma proteins from Amino acids, converts ammonia into urea

32
Q

cecum

A

where water and mineral absorption occur

33
Q

colon

A

where water absorption is completed

34
Q

rectum

A

where feces is stored

35
Q

3 main functions of large intestin

A

1) water absorption
2) mineral absorption ‘
3) vitamin production and absorption. Bacteria produce vitamins B and K

36
Q

makeup of kidney

A

cortex (where blood enters), medulla, pelvis (where filtrate exits kidney)

37
Q

Nephron

A

single functional unit of kidney

38
Q

filtration through kindey

A

at renal corpuscle, consists of glomerulus and Bowmans capsule. blood enters afferent arteriole into glomerulus to form fenestrations which allow small substances to be filtered into Bowmans capsule/ large ones stay in blood. exits via efferent arteriole

39
Q

Why aren’t blood and proteins in blood?

A

too big to get through glomerulus

40
Q

reabsorption

A

water+ solutes body needs are reabsorbed into blood, Loop of Henle, descends into medulla and has selective permeability. Water is absorbed into blood as filtrate travels down descending limb(filtrate more concentrated) and solutes are reabsorbed as filtrate travels up ascending limb

41
Q

secretion

A

transfer of solutions from blood vasculature into nephron tubule filtrate. Occurs at distal convoluted tubule and proximal convoluted tubule

42
Q

Excretion

A

filtrate travels from nephrons > collection duct > renal pelvis> ureter.

43
Q

Ureter

A

connects kidney to bladder where urine is stored

44
Q

Renin angiotensin aldosteron system

A

1) juxtaglomerular cells- detects changes in blood pressure and sodium levels, when BP and sodium is low, cells release renin
2) renin- acts on angiotensinogen to activate angiotensin I which gets converted to angiotensin II which is an active hormone

45
Q

Angiotensin 2

A

stimulates additional aldosterone release form adrenal gland cortex, increases NA+ absorption from proximal tubule, vasoconstrictor, makes individual more thirsty so they drink more and increase blood liquid volume

46
Q

Aldosterone

A

minercortoroid produced by adrenal cortex, increases salt and water reabsorption

47
Q

anti-dieuretic

A

posterior pituitary upon stimulation from hypothalamus. Vassopressin is involved

48
Q

Atrial natriuretic peptide

A

produced by atrial cells because of increased blood volume and pressure

49
Q

3 layers of skin

A

epidermis, dermis, hypodermis

50
Q

layers of epidermis

A

“come lets get some beers”

1) stratum corner- corneocytes (dead keratinocytes) outermost, protective layer
2) Stratum Lucidum- dead keratinocytes that are not fully differentiated into corneocytes, found on hands and feet 3) Stratum Granusolum- keratinocytes secrete lamellar bodies to form water barrier
4) Stratum Spinosum- important for strength (desomosomes) and immunity
5) Stratum Basale- precursor kaertinocyte stem cells proliferate here, where light tough sensation and melanin synthesis occurs. UV protection

51
Q

Dermis

A

supports and cushions against injury, 2 layers (papillary- thin and high SA) and (reticular dermis- deeper, thin and dense). contains blood vessels

52
Q

Eccrine glands

A

sweat glands important for thermoregulation

53
Q

Apocrine

A

located at specific sites and secrete into hair follicle, produce ear wax to milk

54
Q

hypodermis

A

deepest layer, contains nerves and blood vessels, main function is fat storage

DAT Bio (4 decks)

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