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DAT Bio > Body Systems (stuff having trouble remembering) > Flashcards

Body Systems (stuff having trouble remembering) Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

hemolymph

A

what organisms with open circulatory system pump into sinuses

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2
Q

QRS

A

depolarization of ventricles

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3
Q

Cardiomyocytes

A

heart cells with automaticity, can initiate an action potential without nerve

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4
Q

SA Node

A

in RA, initiates cardiac cycle+has the greatest automaticity+ most likely to stimulate a heartbeat

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5
Q

AV Node

A

Gives a brief delay between contraction of atria+ventricles, sends signal to bundle of His

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6
Q

Vagus Nerve

A

Slows down automaticity of SA node

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7
Q

Lub

A

Ventricles contract

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8
Q

Dub

A

Atria contract

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9
Q

Heart intercalated discs

A

connect heart cells, made of desmosomes+gap junctions and function to transmit signal in coordinated fashion

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10
Q

P Wave. “PQRS”
Q wave
R wave
S wave

A

P- atrial depolarization (contraction)
Q- depolarization through inter ventricular septum
R- Ventricular poarization
s- completion of ventricular polarization

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11
Q

Cardiac Output

A

HR x SV in 1 min

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12
Q

Mean arterial pressure

A

average atrial pressure during once complete cycle.

CO x TPR

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13
Q

Capillaries function (cardiac)

A

collect waste+ CO2 and connect to a vein which bring blood back to heart

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14
Q

skeletal muscles

A

squeeze to move blood through veins

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15
Q

platelets (thrombocytes)

A

no nucleus, large bone marrow are the precursor for platelets. Release factors that can help convert fibrinogen into fibrin which creates a net to stop bleeding

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16
Q

Fetal circulation

A

Fetus gets O2 and nutrients through placenta. Blood in baby’s heart does not need to go through the pulmonary system, not exposed to air. Waste+ CO2 removed from right ventricle to umbilical cord

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17
Q

Erythroblastosis Fetallis

A

Mother has Rh- blood, she can develop anti Rh+ antibodies which can attach baby

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18
Q

Lymphatic system

A

hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries at arterial end, oncotic pressure bring fluid back in at venue end

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19
Q

Lymphatic capillaries

A

collect remaining lymph, capillaries form layer vessels which travel to heart. Lymph is filtered through lymph nodes(center for adaptive immune response). Move through skeletal muscle

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20
Q

Left lung+right lung

A

L–> 2 lobes

R–> 3 lobes

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21
Q

Pleura

A

covers lungs w/ two layer (parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)

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22
Q

Pleural space

A

fluid filled space between layers, lower pressure than atm

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23
Q

Tidal volume

A

volume of air that moves through lined with inhalation/exhalation

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24
Q

Residual volume

A

minimum amount of air that must be present to prevent lung collapse

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25
Q

Functional residual capacity

A

entire volume of air still present in lungs after a normal exhalation, sum of expiratory reserve+residual

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26
Q

Vital capacity

A

Max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation. Inspiratory reserve+tidal volume+expiratory reserve volume.

27
Q

Total lung capacity

A

sum of vital capacity+residual volume. Max a lung could hold

28
Q

Pathway of air

A

Nasal cavity>pharynx > Larynx>trachea > main left+ right brochi > bronchioles > alveoli

29
Q

goblet cells

A

secrete mucus

30
Q

surfactant

A

substance that prevents lungs from collapsing by reducing surface tension

31
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

carries most O2 in blood

32
Q

Carboxyhemoglobin

A

binds to carbon monoxide, poisonous

33
Q

carbaminohemoglobin

A

hemoglobin that transports CO2, CO2 very soluble so most dissolves in blood as bicarbonate.

34
Q

Reduced Hemoglobin

A

H+ binding to hemoglobin, reduced O2 affinity and increased CO2 affinity

35
Q

Myoglobin

A

even higher affinity for oxygen than oxyhemoglobin, found in cardiac+ skeletal muscles

36
Q

2,3-diphosphoglycerate

A

accumulates in cells that undergo anaerobic respiration due to loss of O2, decreases O2 binding

37
Q

Bohr Effect

A

Decreased O2 affinity when CO2 is high. CO2 converted to bicarbonate and protons produce reduced hemoglobin

38
Q

Haldane Effect

A

Increased CO2 affinity when O2 is low

39
Q

Bicarbonate buffering system

A

CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> HCO3- + H+

40
Q

Gas exchange in lungs

A

1) blood travels to lungs 2)most of CO2 is present in blood as bicarbonate, and they reenter the erythrocytes at lungs + Cl- leave through reverse chloride shift 3)Bicarbonate buffer system equation proceeds in reverse, producing CO2 and H2O. CO2 enters into alveoli, O2 enters blood forming oxyhemoglobin

41
Q

Central chemoreceptors

A

in medulla oblongata, in blood brain barrier. CO2 converted to bicarbonate and H+ here. As CO2 accumulates acidity increases and central chemoreceptors signal to medulla oblongata to increase breathing

42
Q

Peripheral chemoreceptors

A

surround aortic arch+ carotid arteries. Sense O2 CO2 and H+ to signal to medulla oblongata

43
Q

Respiratory acidosis

A

lowered blood pH due to inadequate breathing

44
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

increased blood pH due to rapid breathing

45
Q

Sebaceous glands

A

secrete oil on skin as a form of innate immunity

46
Q

diapedesis

A

cells move from capillaries to tissues in order to fight pathogens

47
Q

Neutrophils

A

phagocytes in innate immunity that make up over half of leukocytes

48
Q

Lymphocytes

A

B cells, T cells, natural killer cells

49
Q

Perforin

A

creates holes in infected cells

50
Q

granzyme

A

stimulate apoptosis

51
Q

Macrophages

A

phagocytes in innate immunity, act as antigen presenting cells to initiate adaptive immunity

52
Q

Eosinophils

A

innate, have granules that can be released to kill pathogens especially parasites

53
Q

Basophils

A

Basically mast cells

54
Q

Dendritic cells

A

scan tissues using pinocytosis+phagocytosis. Act as antigen presenting cells

55
Q

Interferons

A

secreted by virally infected cells which bind to non infected cells to prepare them for attack

56
Q

complement protein actions

A

1) tags antigens for phagocytosis in a process called opsonization
2) Amplifies inflammatory response
3) Forms membrane attack complex which lyses pathogens

57
Q

Epitome

A

Important part of antigen that is recognized by immune cell

58
Q

MHC class 1

A

surface molecule present on all nucleated cells, and each genetically different individual will have different MHC I molecule

59
Q

MHC Class 2

A

a surface molecule present on antigen presenting cells, presents foreign antigens.

60
Q

B cells

A

control anti-body mediated immunity by managing production and release of antibodies

61
Q

B cell receptors

A

bind to antigen epitomes , each B cell has a unique BCR

62
Q

Clonal selection model

A

development of one type of BCR for every B cell, through clonal expansion they divide into either plasma cells, secreting cells, or memory B cells

63
Q

Classes of Antibodies

A

“Me And Eve Don’t Go”
IgM- pentameric form, first to be produced and activates complement system
IgA- found in bodily secretions, babies get passive immunity through mothers breastmilk
IgE- Triggers histamine and allergic reaction
IgD- not much known
IgG- crosses placenta to fetus in order to give it passive immunity. Helps complement system to causes opsonization.

64
Q

T cell receptors

A

bind to only once type of antigen per T-cell, also undergo clonal selection

DAT Bio (4 decks)

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