Body Systems (stuff having trouble remembering) Flashcards
hemolymph
what organisms with open circulatory system pump into sinuses
QRS
depolarization of ventricles
Cardiomyocytes
heart cells with automaticity, can initiate an action potential without nerve
SA Node
in RA, initiates cardiac cycle+has the greatest automaticity+ most likely to stimulate a heartbeat
AV Node
Gives a brief delay between contraction of atria+ventricles, sends signal to bundle of His
Vagus Nerve
Slows down automaticity of SA node
Lub
Ventricles contract
Dub
Atria contract
Heart intercalated discs
connect heart cells, made of desmosomes+gap junctions and function to transmit signal in coordinated fashion
P Wave. “PQRS”
Q wave
R wave
S wave
P- atrial depolarization (contraction)
Q- depolarization through inter ventricular septum
R- Ventricular poarization
s- completion of ventricular polarization
Cardiac Output
HR x SV in 1 min
Mean arterial pressure
average atrial pressure during once complete cycle.
CO x TPR
Capillaries function (cardiac)
collect waste+ CO2 and connect to a vein which bring blood back to heart
skeletal muscles
squeeze to move blood through veins
platelets (thrombocytes)
no nucleus, large bone marrow are the precursor for platelets. Release factors that can help convert fibrinogen into fibrin which creates a net to stop bleeding
Fetal circulation
Fetus gets O2 and nutrients through placenta. Blood in baby’s heart does not need to go through the pulmonary system, not exposed to air. Waste+ CO2 removed from right ventricle to umbilical cord
Erythroblastosis Fetallis
Mother has Rh- blood, she can develop anti Rh+ antibodies which can attach baby
Lymphatic system
hydrostatic pressure pushes fluid out of capillaries at arterial end, oncotic pressure bring fluid back in at venue end
Lymphatic capillaries
collect remaining lymph, capillaries form layer vessels which travel to heart. Lymph is filtered through lymph nodes(center for adaptive immune response). Move through skeletal muscle
Left lung+right lung
L–> 2 lobes
R–> 3 lobes
Pleura
covers lungs w/ two layer (parietal (outer) and visceral (inner)
Pleural space
fluid filled space between layers, lower pressure than atm
Tidal volume
volume of air that moves through lined with inhalation/exhalation
Residual volume
minimum amount of air that must be present to prevent lung collapse
Functional residual capacity
entire volume of air still present in lungs after a normal exhalation, sum of expiratory reserve+residual
Vital capacity
Max amount of air that can be exhaled after a max inhalation. Inspiratory reserve+tidal volume+expiratory reserve volume.
Total lung capacity
sum of vital capacity+residual volume. Max a lung could hold
Pathway of air
Nasal cavity>pharynx > Larynx>trachea > main left+ right brochi > bronchioles > alveoli
goblet cells
secrete mucus
surfactant
substance that prevents lungs from collapsing by reducing surface tension
Oxyhemoglobin
carries most O2 in blood
Carboxyhemoglobin
binds to carbon monoxide, poisonous
carbaminohemoglobin
hemoglobin that transports CO2, CO2 very soluble so most dissolves in blood as bicarbonate.
Reduced Hemoglobin
H+ binding to hemoglobin, reduced O2 affinity and increased CO2 affinity
Myoglobin
even higher affinity for oxygen than oxyhemoglobin, found in cardiac+ skeletal muscles
2,3-diphosphoglycerate
accumulates in cells that undergo anaerobic respiration due to loss of O2, decreases O2 binding
Bohr Effect
Decreased O2 affinity when CO2 is high. CO2 converted to bicarbonate and protons produce reduced hemoglobin
Haldane Effect
Increased CO2 affinity when O2 is low
Bicarbonate buffering system
CO2 + H2O <> H2CO3 <> HCO3- + H+
Gas exchange in lungs
1) blood travels to lungs 2)most of CO2 is present in blood as bicarbonate, and they reenter the erythrocytes at lungs + Cl- leave through reverse chloride shift 3)Bicarbonate buffer system equation proceeds in reverse, producing CO2 and H2O. CO2 enters into alveoli, O2 enters blood forming oxyhemoglobin
Central chemoreceptors
in medulla oblongata, in blood brain barrier. CO2 converted to bicarbonate and H+ here. As CO2 accumulates acidity increases and central chemoreceptors signal to medulla oblongata to increase breathing
Peripheral chemoreceptors
surround aortic arch+ carotid arteries. Sense O2 CO2 and H+ to signal to medulla oblongata
Respiratory acidosis
lowered blood pH due to inadequate breathing
respiratory alkalosis
increased blood pH due to rapid breathing
Sebaceous glands
secrete oil on skin as a form of innate immunity
diapedesis
cells move from capillaries to tissues in order to fight pathogens
Neutrophils
phagocytes in innate immunity that make up over half of leukocytes
Lymphocytes
B cells, T cells, natural killer cells
Perforin
creates holes in infected cells
granzyme
stimulate apoptosis
Macrophages
phagocytes in innate immunity, act as antigen presenting cells to initiate adaptive immunity
Eosinophils
innate, have granules that can be released to kill pathogens especially parasites
Basophils
Basically mast cells
Dendritic cells
scan tissues using pinocytosis+phagocytosis. Act as antigen presenting cells
Interferons
secreted by virally infected cells which bind to non infected cells to prepare them for attack
complement protein actions
1) tags antigens for phagocytosis in a process called opsonization
2) Amplifies inflammatory response
3) Forms membrane attack complex which lyses pathogens
Epitome
Important part of antigen that is recognized by immune cell
MHC class 1
surface molecule present on all nucleated cells, and each genetically different individual will have different MHC I molecule
MHC Class 2
a surface molecule present on antigen presenting cells, presents foreign antigens.
B cells
control anti-body mediated immunity by managing production and release of antibodies
B cell receptors
bind to antigen epitomes , each B cell has a unique BCR
Clonal selection model
development of one type of BCR for every B cell, through clonal expansion they divide into either plasma cells, secreting cells, or memory B cells
Classes of Antibodies
“Me And Eve Don’t Go”
IgM- pentameric form, first to be produced and activates complement system
IgA- found in bodily secretions, babies get passive immunity through mothers breastmilk
IgE- Triggers histamine and allergic reaction
IgD- not much known
IgG- crosses placenta to fetus in order to give it passive immunity. Helps complement system to causes opsonization.
T cell receptors
bind to only once type of antigen per T-cell, also undergo clonal selection
