CH 12 Flashcards
Motivation
the psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior
What are some personal factors of motivation?
personality, ability, core self-evaluations, emotions, attitudes, needs, values, work attitudes
What are some contextual factors of motivation?
organizational culture, cross-cultural values, physical environment, rewards and reinforcement, group norms, communication technology, leader behavior, organizational design, organizational climate, job design, HR practices
What’s the simple model of motivation?
- unfulfilled need
* desire is created to fulfill a need–as for food, safety, recognition. - motivation
* you search for ways to satisfy the need. - behaviors
* you choose a type of behavior you think might satisfy the need - rewards
* two types of rewards satisfy needs–extrinsic or intrinsic - feedback
* reward informs you whether behavior worked and should be used again
CIRCLE BACK TO NUMBER 1
Extrinsic reward
the payoff, such as money, recognition, or encouragement, a person receives from others for performing a particular task
*motivation is driven by receiving a valued reward from another person or entity
Intrinsic reward
the satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, a person receives from performing a particular task itself
- it’s an internal reward
- the payoff comes from pleasing yourself
What are the content theories of motivation?
Content theories emphasize needs as motivators.
- Maslow’s hierarchy of needs: has five levels to be met in order.
- physiological, safety, love, esteem, self-actualization
*McClelland’s acquired needs theory posits three needs: achievement, affiliation, and power.
*Deci and Ryan’s self-determination theory assumes people seek innate needs of competence, autonomy, and relatedness in order to grow.
* Herzberg’s two-factor theory differentiates hygiene factors and motivators that determine work satisfaction and dissatisfaction.
What are the process theories of motivation?
Process theories focus on thoughts and perceptions that motivate behavior.
*Equity/justice theory proposes that people seek fairness and justice in their interactions and relationships.
*Expectancy theory says people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think it is they will get it.
*Goal-setting theory says goals that are specific, challenging, and achievable will motivate behavior.
Job design theories focus on designing jobs that lead to employee ______ and ______.
satisfaction, performance
Job enlargement
Consists of increasing the number of tasks in a job to increase variety and motivation
Job enrichment
consists of building into a job such motivating factors as responsibility, achievement, recognition, stimulating work, and advancement
Horizontal loading
job enlargement gives employees additional tasks of similar difficulty
Vertical loading
job enrichment gives employees more responsibility
Reinforcement theory
attempts to explain behavior change by suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behaviors with negative consequences tends to not be repeated
Positive reinforcement
The introduction of positive consequences to strengthen the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again in the future
Negative reinforcement
Removal of a negative stimulus to strengthen the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again in the future
Extinction
Decreases the likelihood that a particular behavior will occur again in the future by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced
Punishment
Decreases the likelihood that a behavior will occur again in the future by presenting something negative or withdrawing something positive
POPULAR INCENTIVE COMPENSATION PLANS
- Pay for performance.
- Piece rate.
- Sales commission.
- Bonuses.
- Profit-sharing.
- Gainsharing.
- Stock options.
- Pay for knowledge.
Nonmonetary incentives:
- Work–life balance.
- Ability to expand skills.
- Positive work environment.
- Finding meaning in work.
