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Virology > Ch 11 - Retroviruses > Flashcards

Ch 11 - Retroviruses Flashcards

1
Q

basic structure of retroviruses

A

enveloped, diploid +ssRNA (RT into dsDNA)

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2
Q

retroviruses: 2 enzymes needed for production of provirus?

A

RT and integrase

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3
Q

Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma viruses: endogenous or exogenous?

A

exogenous

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4
Q

Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma virus: replication competent/incompetent

A

competent

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5
Q

mode of transmission and signalment of poultry that are at the highest risk of developing disease associated with avian leukosis virus

A

vertically (congenital infection)

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6
Q

Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma virus: most common tumor type

A

lymphoid tumors

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7
Q

Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma virus: other tumors

A

mesenchymal, myeloid/erythroid

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8
Q

Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma virus: how to distinguish from Marek’s? (histo)

A

Avian Leukosis and Sarcoma virus: B-cells. Mareks: T-cells.

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9
Q

JSRV and ENTV are gammaretroviruses, betaretroviruses, or alpharetroviruses

A

betaretroviruses

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10
Q

JSRV and ENTV: system affected

A

resp

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11
Q

JSRV and ENTV:
cell tropism

A

JSRV: pulmonary epithelial cells (sheep)
ENTV: nasal epithelial cells (goats)

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12
Q

JSRV and ENTV: tumor?

A

pulmonary/nasal adenocarcinoma

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13
Q

JSRV and ENTV: clinical signs

A

copious nasal discharge, progressive dyspnea, coughing, wt loss, anorexia

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14
Q

JSRV species affected

A

sheep

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15
Q

ENTV-1 species affected

A

sheep

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16
Q

ENTV-2 apecies affected

A

goats

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17
Q

JSRV and ENTV: transmission

A

horizontal - close contact: aerosolized resp fluid

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18
Q

JSRV and ENTV time to Dz

A

1-3 years (prolonged incubation period)

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19
Q

JSRV and ENTV incidence of tumor development

A

~30% of infected animals

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20
Q

4 common tissues in which BLV associated lymphoma tumors develop.

A

HULA!
Heart, uterus, LNs, Abomasum (+CNS)

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21
Q

BLV is an alpharetrovirus, betarestrovirus, or deltaretrovirus

A

delta

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22
Q

mechanism that BLV uses for neoplastic transformation

A

Tax (oncogenic gene) drives the cell cycle, activates NFkB, blocks apoptosis

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23
Q

BLV transmission

A

Horizontal: transfer of blood/infected lymphocytes

Vertical and congenital: < 10% of cows are + at birth. Infected milk/colostrum to calves.

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24
Q

is there a Vx for BLV?

A

No

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25
Methods for control of BLV
periodic testing and elimiation of positives
26
FeLV is an **alpharetrovirus, deltaretrovirus, or gammaretrovirus**
gammaretrovirus
27
which FeLV subtypes are transmissible? How do they arise?
FeLV-A is contagious and horizontally transmitted. the ONLY subtype that is transmitted between cats.
28
How do FeLV-B and C arise?
de novo in FeLV-A infected cats. Arise by recombinaton of FeLV-A and enFeLV
29
what is FeLV-T
a genetic recombinant of FeLV-A
30
Which FeLV subtypes have greater virulence? (A, B, C)
C and B > A
31
FeLV transmission
mainly saliva also in milk, in utero, fighting
32
which population is at highest risk of developing progressive FeLV infection
kittens < 16 wks of age
33
Indicate the major factor that influences whether an FeLV infected cat develops a progressive or regressive infection. List 3 other factors that can influence outcome or disease severity
Age Viral dose, concurrent dose, vaccination stats
34
FeLV antigen ELISA negative! **Negative/regressor or transient/progressor?** what test do you run next?
negative or regressor. Retest with PCR. Positive = regressor. Negative = true negative
35
FeLV antigen ELISA positive! **Negative/regressor or transient/progressor?** what test do you run next?
transient viremia or regressor. Retest with ELISA in 60 days. Positive = Progressor. Negative = Regressor. Test with PCR to confirm true positive.
36
outcomes of a regressive FeLV infection
Virus persists transiently. Can be reactivated.
37
outcomes of a progressive FeLV infection
failure of immune response. develop fatal diseases within a variable time period (months to years)
38
4 FeLV related disorders (progressor). Which is most common?
1. immunosuppression (most common) 2. bone marrow suppression and disorders 3. immune mediated disorders/ neurologic Dz 4. Neoplasia
39
most common mechanism that FeLV induces neoplastic transformation?
insertional activation
40
Indicate the diagnostic tests that are most appropriate for diagnosing viremia, regressive infections, and different subtypes of FeLV.
ELISA for capsid Ag PCR for viral nucleic acid Virus neutralization test for subtypes
41
41
Indicate which populations of cats should be considered to receive the FeLV vaccine and describe how the vaccine reduces FeLV associated disease
Vx outdoor cats! indoor cats are low risk. Vx protects against persistent viremia.
42
Three major mechanisms by which lentiviruses cause disease. Identify which mechanisms FIV utilizes.
1. killing infected cells 2. immune cell dysfunction 3. persistent viral antigens (FIV uses all 3!)
43
Lentivirus cell tropism
Monocyte, Macrophage, Lymphocytes (all 3 for immunosuppression, just mono/macro for chronic inflamm Dz)
44
predominant mode of FIV transmission
horizontal - mainly bite/fight wound
45
immunologic hallmark of FIV infection
progressive decline in CD4+ T-cells in the peripheral blood
46
3 phases of FIV infection and clinical syndromes
1. Acute phase 2. Asymptomatic phase 3. Terminal Phase (FAIDS) Clinical Syndromes: Opportunistic infections, Periodontal disease, gingivitis, stomatitis, Chronic URT, GI, urinary tract infections/disease, CNS, Weight loss
47
T or F: many FIV-infected cats live a normal lifespan as uninfected cats
True
48
difference between FeLV SNAP and FIV SNAP tests
FeLV SNAP measures the Ag FIV SNAP measures that Ab response
49
Positive FIV test: possible interpretation
infected, maternal transfer, vaccinated, or false postive
50
Equine infectious Anemia Virus (EIA) and Small Ruminant Lentiviruses (SLRV): how is macrophage infection important for the disease pathogenesis?
they encite inflammation leading to clinical disease
51
What cell is critical in the pathogenesis of EIA infection?
monocytes/macrophages
52
EIA clinical presentations of Dz
* undulating fever, anemia, thrombocytopenia --> icteric * vasculitis, glomerulonephritis (chronic stages) * death from anemia and wasting can ensue if cycling is frequent
53
EIA: virus persistence is **transient/life long**
life long
54
how does viral evasion of the adaptive immune response lead to the undulating nature of disease with EIA infection
Antigenic variation of viral proteins (Env). Periodic escape of virus from neutralizing antibody and CTL. Escape mutants break through – **continued cycling**
55
T/F: EIA is not a reportable disease
F
56
Implications of a positive Coggin's Test (EIA)
reportable Dz in all states! Negative test required for transport across state lines. Infected horses euth/quarantined and monitored for life.
57
EIA transmission
biting flies, blood contaminated fomites
58
4 organ systems commonly affected with SRLV
1. joints 2. mammary gland 3. brain 4. lungs
59
CAEV (a SRLV) which organ system is predominantly affected?
joints, brain
60
OPP (a SRLV) which organ system(s) is predominantly affected?
Lungs
61
CAEV: age of animals that typically show clinical disease?
Adults: arthritis Kids (2-4 mo): neurologic Dz
62
OPP: age of animals that typically show clinical disease?
Older sheep: progressive interstitial pneumonia Brain: adult sheep > 2 yr
63
SRLV: Identify the most common mode of transmission/source of virus.
mostly from doe to kid in colostrum and milk
63
Testing for SRLV:
Serology and clinical evaluation
64
What gene carried by JSRV and ENTV is oncogenic?
Env protein
65
retroviruses integrate ? into the host cell chromosome
their dsDNA

Virology (5 decks)

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