Ch 10-Why Ask that Question-What Do We Already Know?

Question 1

where are most research derived from (2 places)

Answer 1

Research problems are derived from 3 sources but the two most gen sources of research problems are
o 1) problems derived from practice
o 2) problems derived from theory

Question 2

what is inductive knowledge

Answer 2

• Inductive knowledge is dev by pulling observations and facts gen through research together to gen theory. It starts w pieces wo build a whole theory which is then used to suggest further obsv that might be expected hich are then used to refine the theory

definition from the index: a process of taking specific facts or observations together to create general theory

Question 3

what is deductive knowledge

Answer 3

• Deductive knowledge is dev by proposing a theory regarding a phenomenon of interest. It starts w the whole and breaks down the parts of the theory, seeking obsv and facts to support the abstract relationsips proposed by the theory. Obsv that support/refute the theorys predictions are used to refine the theory/revise it. Then it is tested more

from index: a process of taking a gen theory and seeking specific observations or facts to support that theory

Question 4

what should problem, intro, background theoretical framework, lit review have in it

Answer 4

o Provide broad context or rationale for the problem
o Define the problem
o Summarize whats already known about the problem

Question 5

what is a theoretical framework

Answer 5

• Theoretical framework is an underlying structure that describes how abstract aspects of the research problem interrelate based on dev theories

Question 6

what is a conceptual framework

Answer 6

an underlying structure for building and testing knowledge that is made up of concepts and the relationships among the concepts

• A conceptual framework also is an underlying str but it comprises concepts and the relationships among them

Question 7

what is a theory

Answer 7

• A theory is an abtract explanation describing how different factors or phenomena relate

Question 8

what do conceptual and theoretical framework and theory have in comon

Answer 8

all provide a description of the proposed relationshis among abstract components that are aspects of the research problem of interest

Question 9

what does a literature review include

Answer 9

of whats known about those variables, how those variables have been studied in the past and with whome theyve been studied

Question 10

what is a literature review

Answer 10

• Lit review is a synthesis of the lit that describes whats known or has been studied regarding the issue
• Lit reviews aren’t exclusively snthesiszing published research, could include some scholaraly and theorietical work that isn’t research. It entails combining and summarizing key point from a focus of a number or pertinent research studies

Question 11

how recently do you want to have the information in your study

Answer 11

• Gen we expect that most of the lit cited in a lit review be published within 3yrs optimally of the date of publication of the report and no more than 5yrs from the date but sometimes there isn’t enough research o there were important or classic studies

Question 12

what are primary vs secondary sources

which is better and why

Answer 12

• Another way to ensure that a study is based on current knowledge is use of primary sources which are sources of info as orig written
• A secondary source is someone elses description or interpretation fo a primary source. The secondary source may distort the meaning of the orig (like game of telephone)

• Another reason to use primary sources is because we want the autor to choose the sources and assess their validity not just take it at face value

Question 13

what does peer reviewed mean

what is another word for when a paper has been critically reviewed

Answer 13

• Peer review means its been read and critiqued by two or more peers before being accepted.

Refereed is another term for a critical review of manuscripts before being accepted for publication

Question 14

how can you find out if an article was refereed

Answer 14

• You can fidn out whether a partic publication is refereed by checking the authors guidelines for a ournal often avail on the website and always in the journal itself

Question 15

• A research report should include at least 2 and often 3 levels of depth about the knowledge being sought in the study
what are they

Answer 15

o research problem
o research purpose, research Question, specific aims of research, research objectives (identifies specific variables for the study)
o hypotheses, research questions, research objectives (specific and measurable)

Question 16

what is a hypothesis and what does direction mean in relation to this

Answer 16

• A hypothesis may predct whether there will be a relationship between two variables (and whether it is positive or negative) or it may state the nature of the relatinsip between them

Question 17

what is a directional hypothesis

Answer 17

• A directional hypothesis predicts that two variables will be related and as well predicts the direction of that relationship. Itll predict for example that as the score for one variable inc the score for the seond variable will inc

Question 18

what is a n0ndirectional hyptheiss

can a research question be directional

Answer 18

• Nondirection hypothesis predicts that two variables will be related but doesn’t predict the direction of that relationship. T or F a directional hypothesis

yes it can be either non or directional

Question 19

what is a null vs a research hypothesis

Answer 19

• Te research hypothesis predicts rel or differences in variables whereas the null hypothesis states that therel be no relationship among variables

Question 20

what is the null hypothesis purpose and what is its purpose

Answer 20

• Null hypothesis is dev for statistical purposes and represent the assumption made in inferential stats that most relationsjip or differences that may be found in any particular sample might have occrued by chance alone
• The idea of a null form isn’t applied to research question onl to predictions in the form of statements

Question 21

what kind of statement does the background usually end with

Answer 21

The background usually ends with a statement of a research purpose or questions that specify the variables to be studied the lit review starts with the purpose o questions that specify the variables to be studied.

Question 22

how does the background usully start

Answer 22

• It sets the wstage for the rest of the research report by giving us a gen setting for the study in terms of the problem; the specific purpose of the study, including the study variables and an understanding of how this study will fit with current theory and research based knowledge

Question 23

what are the common errors in background and lit review (5)

Answer 23

failure to dev a link among research purpose and any specific hypothesis or questions

2-not providing enough info to fulfill purpose of these sections

failure to adequately reference statements

using 2ary sources

and out of date references are