Ch 10

Question 1

The population in PICO (P) refers to

Answer 1

the entire group that represents

Question 2

When critiquing a sampling plan the researchers should describe

Answer 2

the type of sampling approach, the population and eligibility criteria, the sample size with a rationale, and a description of the sample’s main characteristics

Question 3

Sampling bias is when

Answer 3

a certain population type is overrepresented or underrepresented in a sample

Question 4

Strata are

Answer 4

mutually exclusive segments of a population based on a specific characteristic

Question 5

What is nonprobability sampling

Answer 5

select elements by nonrandom methods in which every element does not have a chance to be included

Nonprobability sampling will have sampling bias, and the results can be misleading, however they are expedient and have the easiest time being utilized to make a study.

Question 6

What is convenience sampling

Answer 6

selects the most conveniently available people as participants. An example would be me conducting a survey on this class, as the class would be a convenient sample.

Question 7

What is quota sampling

Answer 7

Using strata information to figure out how to use a balanced sample. The text gives an example of identifying the percentage of males and females in the population and using the same percentages in the chosen sample

Question 8

What is consecutive sampling

Answer 8

a type of nonprobability sampling method that recruits everyone from an accessible population over a period of time. An accessible population is one available in a certain location or situation. An example would be using a specific hospital unit and including every patient in that unit over a time period.

Question 9

What is purposive sampling

Answer 9

A form of nonprobability sampling in which the researchers handpick sample members based on traits in the population

Question 10

What is probability sampling

Answer 10

involves random selection of elements from a population. Each element has an equal chance of being selected. Probability sampling is the only viable method of obtaining a representative sample.

Question 11

What is simple random sampling

Answer 11

the most basic probability sampling and involves using a tool to random select elements from a sampling frame

Question 12

What is a sample frame

Answer 12

a list of population elements

Question 13

What is stratified random sampling

Answer 13

divides the population into two strata and then randomly selects samples from both strata

Question 14

What is systematic sampling

Answer 14

chooses to select a specific number such as every 4th person to use in the sample

Question 15

What is a power analysis

Answer 15

a method for researchers to determine how large a sample size should be

Question 16

Does a large sample ensure accurate results?

Answer 16

A large sample does not ensure accurate results if nonprobability sampling is used

Question 17

Interview v questionnaire

Answer 17

An interview schedule is when self-reported interview data is collected with a formal written document verbally in person or by telephone. Interviews get a larger response rate, and interviews are able to be completed by all portions of the population while some may not be able to complete a questionnaire.

A questionnaire is when participants complete a form or survey themselves. Questionnaires are less costly and advantageous for geographically dispersed samples. Questionnaires allow anonymity too.

Question 18

format of Likert scale

Answer 18

Any scale that has a rating with options such as strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree, or always, sometimes, never, n/a is a likert scale

Question 19

What does a visual analog scale measure, and what is the format

Answer 19

A visual analog scale measures subjective experiences such as pain or fatigue. Figure 10.1 in the text is an example. A line drawn from left to right may have the left side marked 0 for no pain and the right side marked 10 for most pain. The participant can pick a spot along the continuum to represent their pain

Question 20

Response set biases of scales

Answer 20

social desirability, extreme response (give extreme answers instead of honest answers), and acquiescence response (yaysayers or naysayers)

Question 21

what is the category system of the observational method?

Answer 21

focuses on behaviors or events of interest in an observational study

Question 22

what is the checklist (observational study)

Answer 22

the instrument researchers use to record observations. A rating scale can be used to rate the behavior among a continuum to measure intensity instead of just number of occurrences

Question 23

what is observational sampling

Answer 23

describes when the observation period will occur

Question 24

What do biophysiologic measures allow us to observe

Answer 24

the effect of an intervention on a patient through a physiologic response

are objective, fairly accurate, and free from bias

Question 25

what are in vivo measurements

Answer 25

performed directly on the participant to obtain a value, such as a blood pressure

Question 26

what are in vitro measurements

Answer 26

takes something from the participant and analyzes it, such as drawing blood to measure lab values

Question 27

A psychometric assessment involves

Answer 27

an evaluation of the measure’s measurement properties

Question 28

Reliability is

Answer 28

the extent to which scores are free from measurement error

Question 29

what is test-retest reliability

Answer 29

provide the same measurement tool to the same person at two different points in time. A test is reliable if the scores are the same or very similar.

Question 30

what is interrater reliability

Answer 30

having more than one person use the scale to measure something to observe for similarities

Question 31

how is internal consistency measured

Answer 31

by having multiple items address the same theme with rewording

Question 32

what is validity

Answer 32

the degree to which an instrument measuring a concept is appropriate to measure

Question 33

What is face validity

Answer 33

if an instrument looks like it measures the target construct

Question 34

What is content validity

Answer 34

the extent an instrument’s content adequately captures the construct.

Question 35

What is Criterion validity

Answer 35

the extent to which scores are a good reflection of an ideal measure of the construct.

Question 36

``` A researcher is investigating a population of nurses. Nurses are divided up into cardiac nurses and oncology nurses. What would cardiac nurses or oncology nurses represent? A) Strata B) Eligibility criteria C) Sampling bias D) Representative sample ```

Answer 36

Answer A, Strata. Strata are mutually exclusive samples of the population based on specific criteria. The only different in the two groups are where they work. Eligibility criteria would refer to a set of requirements to be involved in a study. Sampling bias is when a certain population type is overrepresented or underrepresented in a sample. A representative sample would be one that most relates to the overall population in the hospital.

Question 37

``` A researcher collects data on patients in a labor and delivery unit over a two-month time frame. What type of sampling method is this? A) Quota sampling B) Purposive sampling C) Convenience sampling D) Consecutive sampling ```

Answer 37

Answer: D, consecutive sampling The question uses a population from an accessible location over a length time, and this represents consecutive sampling. Quota sampling would involve dividing a group into strata and then picking from them. Purposive sampling handpicks individuals based on traits in the population. Convenience sampling picks individuals that are the most convenient. One key difference in consecutive and convenience is that consecutive specifies a location and it identifies a time period to use instead of one point in time.

Question 38

``` Which of the following is a type of probability sampling? A) Convenience Sampling B) Consecutive Sampling C) Systematic Sampling D) Quota Sampling ```

Answer 38

Answer: C, systematic sampling Types of probability sampling include: Simple random sampling, Stratified random sampling, and Systematic Sampling. The other 3 are types of nonprobability sampling

Question 39

``` What is an example of when a large sample size might not be an accurate representation of the population? A) a power analysis determines the size B) nonprobability sampling is used C) qualitative studies D) observational studies ```

Answer 39

Answer B, nonprobability sampling is used. If the sample is not selected randomly, then sample bias can weaken the power of the sample, including a large sample size.

Question 40

``` Benefits of Questionnaires include which of the following? (Select all that apply). A) anonymity B) reach diverse geographical areas C) free from validity errors D) less costly than interviews ```

Answer 40

Answer: A, B, and D, anonymity, free from validity errors, less costly than interviews. Self-report studies, including interviews and questionnaires pose a potential problem with accuracy and validity. Questionnaires allow anonymity, the ability to reach diverse geographical areas, and are less costly than interviews.