Ch. 1 Speech System and Basic Anatomy

Question 1

what is the central goal of phonetics?

Answer 1

to understand speech sounds

Question 2

what is the central goal of articulatory phonetics

Answer 2

To understand how the different parts of the human body move to produce speech sounds.

Question 3

Traditionally how did scientists descibe the process of producing and perceiving speech?

Answer 3

in mostly feed-forward system, represented by a linear speech chain.

Question 4

What is a feed-forward system?

Answer 4

it is one in which a plan (speech plan) is constructed and carried out, without paying attention to the results.

Question 5

If you were to draw a map of a feed-forward system which way would the arrows go?

Answer 5

in all one direction

Question 6

What are the steps of a feed-forward speech chain?

Answer 6

1. Speakers thoughts are converted into linguistic representations.
2. These are organized by our articulators
3. They produce acoustic output.
4. Listener picks up acoustic signal through hearing.
5. In which it is perceived by the brain and converted into linguistic representation - finally meaning.

Question 7

T/F producing speech is truly linear/unidirectional? explain why/why not.

Answer 7

False! When we speak we are constantly monitoring and adjusting what we are doing as we move along the chain.

Question 8

Why is the feed-forward speech chain not completely accurate?

Answer 8

Because we are constanyly monitoring and adjusting what we are doing as we speak, the speech chain is not linear or unidirectional.

Question 9

what is feedback?

Answer 9

We monitor and adjust what we are doing as we speak, we do this with our senses to perceive what we are doing. Us listening (and other senses) to our selves is the feedback.

Question 10

What do we mean by “speech perception feedback is multimodal?” what is a “feedback loop”

Answer 10

We use not just our sense of hearing when we perceive and produce speech, but all our senses and modalities - even some you may not have heard of before. Thus the speech chain is genuinely linear but each stage has its own feedback loop

Question 11

what is the role of visual feedback in speech

Answer 11

we can see face and body movements however we cannot see our own which makes visual feedback less useful.

Question 12

what is the focus of the speech production chain?

Answer 12

all the parts of the body just up to where the sound leaves the mouth.

Question 13

What is the respiratory system composed of?

Answer 13

ribcage, lungs, trachea, and all supporting muscles.

Question 14

what is above the trachea

Answer 14

the larynx

Question 15

what is above the larynx?

Answer 15

the pharynx

Question 16

what are the three parts of the pharynx

Answer 16

1. laryngopharynx (laryngeal)
2. oropharynx (oral)
3. nasopharynx (nasal parts)

Question 17

how does a mid-sagittal plane divide a body.

Answer 17

A midsagittal plane divides a body down the middle into 2 halves: dextrad (right) and sinistrad (left)

Question 18

what are the hard parts of the body made of?

Answer 18

bone and cartilage.

Question 19

What bones form the support strucutre for the vocal tract?

Answer 19

skull, ribcage, and vertebrae

Question 20

T/F The larynx and ribcage contain several important cartilages for speech.

Answer 20

True!!

Question 21

what are muscles made of?

Answer 21

long string of cells that have the specialized ability to contract

Question 22

how are striated muscles named?

Answer 22

by combing their origin, which is the ;arger unmoving structure (usually bone) to which thay attach, and their insertion, which is usually part that moves the most when a muscle contracts eg. origin-insertion

Question 23

How do muscles act, what are the 2 terms/roles?

Answer 23

they interact in agonist and antagonist pairs. The agonist produces the main movement of an articulator, while the antagonist pulls in the opposite direction, leading control to the primary movement.

Question 24

what is a synergist muscle?

Answer 24

it does not create movement, but lends stability to the system by preventing other unwanted motion.

Question 25

what determines a muscles mechanical advantage?

Answer 25

depending on if it is closer or farther from the joint.

Question 26

a muscle that is attached farther from the joint has a ___ mechanical advantage which ___

Answer 26

higher, gives the muscle greater strength, but less speed and smaller range of motion.

Question 27

a muscle that is attached closer to the joint has a ___ mechanical advantage which ___

Answer 27

lower, reduces power but increases speed and range of motion.

Question 28

Higher mechanical advantage means the muscle is

Answer 28

far away from the joint and has great strength but less speed and range in motion.

Question 29

Lower mechanical advantage means the muscle is