Ch. 1 Speech System and Basic Anatomy Flashcards
what is the central goal of phonetics?
to understand speech sounds
what is the central goal of articulatory phonetics
To understand how the different parts of the human body move to produce speech sounds.
Traditionally how did scientists descibe the process of producing and perceiving speech?
in mostly feed-forward system, represented by a linear speech chain.
What is a feed-forward system?
it is one in which a plan (speech plan) is constructed and carried out, without paying attention to the results.
If you were to draw a map of a feed-forward system which way would the arrows go?
in all one direction
What are the steps of a feed-forward speech chain?
- Speakers thoughts are converted into linguistic representations.
- These are organized by our articulators
- They produce acoustic output.
- Listener picks up acoustic signal through hearing.
- In which it is perceived by the brain and converted into linguistic representation - finally meaning.
T/F producing speech is truly linear/unidirectional? explain why/why not.
False! When we speak we are constantly monitoring and adjusting what we are doing as we move along the chain.
Why is the feed-forward speech chain not completely accurate?
Because we are constanyly monitoring and adjusting what we are doing as we speak, the speech chain is not linear or unidirectional.
what is feedback?
We monitor and adjust what we are doing as we speak, we do this with our senses to perceive what we are doing. Us listening (and other senses) to our selves is the feedback.
What do we mean by “speech perception feedback is multimodal?” what is a “feedback loop”
We use not just our sense of hearing when we perceive and produce speech, but all our senses and modalities - even some you may not have heard of before. Thus the speech chain is genuinely linear but each stage has its own feedback loop
what is the role of visual feedback in speech
we can see face and body movements however we cannot see our own which makes visual feedback less useful.
what is the focus of the speech production chain?
all the parts of the body just up to where the sound leaves the mouth.
What is the respiratory system composed of?
ribcage, lungs, trachea, and all supporting muscles.
what is above the trachea
the larynx
what is above the larynx?
the pharynx
what are the three parts of the pharynx
- laryngopharynx (laryngeal)
- oropharynx (oral)
- nasopharynx (nasal parts)
how does a mid-sagittal plane divide a body.
A midsagittal plane divides a body down the middle into 2 halves: dextrad (right) and sinistrad (left)
what are the hard parts of the body made of?
bone and cartilage.
What bones form the support strucutre for the vocal tract?
skull, ribcage, and vertebrae
T/F The larynx and ribcage contain several important cartilages for speech.
True!!
what are muscles made of?
long string of cells that have the specialized ability to contract
how are striated muscles named?
by combing their origin, which is the ;arger unmoving structure (usually bone) to which thay attach, and their insertion, which is usually part that moves the most when a muscle contracts eg. origin-insertion
How do muscles act, what are the 2 terms/roles?
they interact in agonist and antagonist pairs. The agonist produces the main movement of an articulator, while the antagonist pulls in the opposite direction, leading control to the primary movement.
what is a synergist muscle?
it does not create movement, but lends stability to the system by preventing other unwanted motion.
what determines a muscles mechanical advantage?
depending on if it is closer or farther from the joint.
a muscle that is attached farther from the joint has a ___ mechanical advantage which ___
higher, gives the muscle greater strength, but less speed and smaller range of motion.
a muscle that is attached closer to the joint has a ___ mechanical advantage which ___
lower, reduces power but increases speed and range of motion.
Higher mechanical advantage means the muscle is
far away from the joint and has great strength but less speed and range in motion.
Lower mechanical advantage means the muscle is
