Ch 1 On farm Milk Production Flashcards
What is PMO?
Pasteurized Milk Ordinance
The PMO defines milk as:
The lacteal secretion, practically free of colostrum, obtained by the complete milking of one or more healthy cows, goats, sheep, water buffalo or other hooves animals.
What Code in the Code of Federal Regulations covers milk used in cheese production?
21 C.F.R. 133.3
What are processors who receive raw milk required to test for in their facilities?
Must test for antibiotics
What is the allowed bacterial limit for Grade A raw milk?
100,000 per ml
What is the allowed bacterial limit for Grade B raw milk?
300,000 per ml
The bacterial range for “good milking practices” should be
1,000-10,000 per ml
Who should be excluded from processing plant activities until thoroughly cleaned and changed clothes?
Livestock employees
What are 4 bacteria that can be easily transmitted from a barn environment to a processing facility if not cleaned thoroughly?
Listeria Monocytogenes
Salmonella
Enterohemorraghic E Coli
Campylobacter jejuni
What are options of PPE used in processing plants?
Dedicated footwear
Disposable foot coverings
What are methods that processors can use on the floor to assist with good safety?
Sanitary foot bath
Foam
Crystals
What part of the milking facility should be completely separate from the milking barn or parlor?
The milk house
What is the milk house?
The area in the milk processing plant where milk is cooled and stored.
Where should the milk processing facility never be located?
- Hay barn or animal feed barn storage
- away from manure handling or animal assembly areas
In regards to barn design for the housing of animals, what materials can be used?
Must be easily cleaned
- cement (swept and scraped to remove manure)
- metal siding
- poly based dairy board
- wood; only used as a support system and not allowed to get wet.
What training should livestock employees undergo as a method of food safety?
- preparing animals for milking
- milking procedures
- barn cleaning procedures
- steps to prevent chemical contamination to milk
What human pathogen can be passed via sick animals, specifically with milk production?
Salmonella
What is the major causative agent for mastitis?
Streptococcus agalactiae
(Not a human pathogen)
Coliform bacteria
If food borne pathogens are found in milk, what is the likely source?
Secretion from udder of infected animal OR
direct cross contamination from area within the dairy farm environment
If an animal is sick or on antibiotics, how should their milk be handled?
- milked last or with completely separate equipment
- milk must be discarded
What is a strip cup?
Vessel used to help determine abnormalities in milk
Any flakes, lumps, strings present on the fine mesh of the cup
What is SCC?
Somatic Cell Count
A high SCC count can be an indicator of mammary gland infection
What are the maximum SCC count levels for Cows, Goats and Sheep in the US, as outlined by the PMO?
Cows - 750,000 per ml
Sheep - 750,000 per ml
Goats - 1,500,000 per ml
What are the maximum SCC count levels for Cows in the UK?
400,000 per ml
*good to know if you wished to export milk/cheese to UK
______ is any infectious disease that can be transmitted from non-human animals (either wild or domestic) to humans.
Zoonosis
If from humans to animals; Reverse Zoonosis
What impact can Somatic cells have on cheese, other than the food safety implications?
-increase in unwanted proteolysis and lipolysis
- reduced lactose concentration
- increased Sodium and Chloride levels
In general, Off flavors, lower milk yields and shelf life
What are methods to help keep animals comfortable during milking?
Reduce stress, especially in warm weather by:
- sprinklers
- ventilation fans
- sidewall openings
- ridge ventilation
What directly affects animal hygiene?
The animal’s environment
What inorganic bedding is the best for reducing pathogen numbers?
Fine, washed sand
How often should udder hair be removed?
At least twice yearly
What steps should be taken to help ensure barnyards stay dry?
Grade the barns so that standing water is limited and allows for good drainage
Don’t place water troughs on or near bedded areas
What premilking step is important in reducing the number of bacteria?
Teat-end disinfection (pre dipping)
When applying disinfectant before milking, what area of the cow should be the focus?
Only the teats - NOT the complete udder
If washing the animal before teat disinfection, what are the steps?
- Wash only the teats
- Use minimal water
- Dry thoroughly (can use paper or sanitized cloth towel-ONLY ONE PER COW)
Before milking, what should the teats of the animal be?
Clean and Dry
How long should the animals teat be dipped in disinfectant?
20-30 seconds
How often should gloves be changed when milking?
At least once per milking
What are the pre milking steps
Dip
Strip
Dry
Apply (the milking apparatus)
After milking, what should happen to the milk before cooling?
Pass through a clean filter to remove any matter that may have inadvertently contaminated milk during milking
The surfaces of all milking equipment should be:
- smooth
- readily cleanable
- can drain easily after cleaning
