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MOLGEN > Ch 1 Lecture (Genes/DNA/RNA/Polypeptides) > Flashcards

Ch 1 Lecture (Genes/DNA/RNA/Polypeptides) Flashcards

1
Q

genome

A

Long sequence of DNA that provides the complete set of hereditary information for an organism

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2
Q

chromosome

A

A discrete unit of the genome carrying many genes
Consists of a very long molecule of duplex DNA and an equal mass of proteins
Is technically only visible during cell division

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3
Q

genetic recombination

A

The generation of new combinations of alleles in each generation
Usually produced by separate DNA molecules being joined into a single molecule due to crossing over or transposition

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4
Q

three parts of a nucleotide

A
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. Nitrogenous base
  3. Phosphate group
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5
Q

pentose sugar in DNA

A

deoxyribose

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6
Q

pentose sugar in RNA

A

ribose

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7
Q

on what carbon can we differentiate between deoxyribose and ribose

A

2’

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8
Q

purines

A

adenine
guanine

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9
Q

pyrimidine

A

cytosine
thymine
uracil

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10
Q

nucleoside composition

A

base
sugar

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11
Q

what carbon does the phosphate group attatch to?

A

5’

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12
Q

why is the phosphate important

A

negative charge

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13
Q

how are nucleotides connected to each other in one strand of DNA

A

phosphodiester bonds

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14
Q

how are DNA strands oriented

A

antiparallel

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15
Q

how are two strands of DNA linked together

A

hydrogen bonds

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16
Q

hydrogen bonds between A and T or U

A

2

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17
Q

how many bonds between C and G

A

3

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18
Q

two strands of DNA are not identical, they are

A

complementary

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19
Q

B DNA is how many base pairs per turn

A

10.5

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20
Q

supercoiling

A

The coiling of a closed duplex DNA in space so that it crosses over its own axis
Creates tension in the DNA molecule

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21
Q

supercoiling only occurs in

A

DNA with no free ends

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22
Q

positive supercoiling

A

DNA is twisted in the same direction as the helix
overwound

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23
Q

negative supercoiling

A

DNA is twisted in the opposite direction as the helix

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24
Q

pros of negative supercoiling

A

Creates tension that can be relieved by denaturing the helix
Promotes denaturing of helix

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25
DNA replication is
semiconservative
26
semiconservative
Parental duplex separates Each parental strand acts as a template for synthesis of a complementary daughter strand
27
who proved DNA replication was semiconservative
Meselson and Stahl
28
what separates parental strains
helicase
29
what synthesizes daughter strands
DNA polymerases
30
what relieves tension of supercoiling
gyrase
31
what is the point at which the parental strands are separated and replication occurs
replication fork
32
mutation
changes in the sequence of DNA
33
4 forces that alter changes in allelic frequency
selection mutation migration drift
34
which of the 4 forces is the slowest
mutation
35
mutations can be induced by
mutagens
36
for a mutation to be passed down they must occur in,
gametes or germ cells
37
rate of mutation is balanced by
positive and negative mutations
38
a human infant has approximately how many new mutations
35
39
point mutation
changes a single base pair
40
point mutations can be caused by
chemical conversion or spontaneous errors
41
example of chemical conversion of base pairs
cytosine to uracil with nitrous acid
42
where is nitrous acid found
cured meats
43
which is more common, transition or transversion
transition
44
transition
replaces a purine with a purine or pyrimidine with a pyrimidine
45
transversion
replaces a purine with a pyrimidine or vise versa
46
indel stands for
insertion and deletion
47
examples of indel mutations
huntingtons and fragile x syndrome
48
forward mutations
alter the function of a gene
49
back mutations are also known as
revertants
50
back mutations
reverse the effect of forward mutations
51
why can insertions be reversed but deletions cannot?
insertions can be removed, deletions are gone forever.
52
mutation hotspot
a spot in the genome where mutation frequency is increased by at least an order of magnitude
53
many mutational hotspots result from
the presence of modified bases
54
a common modified base is
5-methylcytosine
55
where is 5-methylcytosine found
compacted chromatin example barr body
56
5-methylcytosine can be deaminated into
thymine
57
cytosine can be deaminated into
uracil
58
silent mutation
a neutral substitution causes change in sequence but does not affect activity
59
null mutation
eliminates function of a gene
60
dominant negative
does not have a function but suppresses functioning genes
61
a locus with multiple functional alleles is considered
polymorphic
62
codons
triplicate combinations of nucleotides
63
genetic code
the relationship between a DNA sequence and the sequence of the polypeptide
64
reading frame
ways a nucleotide sequence can be translated into a polypeptide
65
in DNA, how many reading frames are possible
6
66
in mRNA, how many reading frames are possible
3
67
open reading frame
a sequence of DNA consisting of triplicates that can be translated into amino acids starting with an initiation codon and ending with a termination codon.
68
gene expression
the process by which information contained within a sequence of DNA is used to produce an RNA or polypeptide
69
basic gene expression
DNA to mRNA to polypeptide
70
template strand
antisense strand minus strand 3'-5'
71
nontemplate strand
sense strand coding strand 5'-3'
72
mRNA structure
5'UTR coding region 3'UTR
73
a gene is usually ... than the sequence encoding the polypeptide
longer
74
how is mRNA processed in eukaryoyes
5' cap polyAtail removal of introns
75
exon
any segment of an interrupted gene that is represented in the mature RNA
76
introns are removed from the pre-mRNA via
splicing
77
translation is facilitated by the
ribosome
78
ribosome
a large assembly of RNA and proteins that synthesizes polypeptides under direction of a mRNA template
79
ribosomal RNA
major structural component of ribosomes
80
transfer RNA
attaches amino acids in order of the mRNA
81
regulatory genes are
trans acting

MOLGEN (28 decks)

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