Ch 1 Developmental Theory Flashcards
What is objectivity?
data collection and analysis is unbiased
What is reliability?
Reliability is the degree to which scale produces consistent results
What is validity?
validity is the accuracy of an assessment
What is replicability?
the same results are found each time regardless of who conducts these research
What is naturalistic observations?
observe participants in a natural context ex. sitting on a park bench
Pros of Naturalistic observation?
high validity
Cons of Naturalistic observation?
little control, can’t determine causation
What is a Clinical Method?
where a situation is tailored to the participant
Conducting an interview and adapting the questions based on the child’s responses to previous ones, is an example of?
Clinical method
What is the independent variable?
variable that does not depend on one another
What is the dependent variable?
variable that the value depends on the other
You are interested in how stress affects heart rate in humans. What is the independent and dependent variable?
stress is the iNDEPENDENT vs heart rate is the dependent
What is the Experimental method?
Creating a situation where only one variable is manipulated to test its effect on another variable
Pros of experiments?
Can determine causation by isolating one factor
Cons of experiments?
lack of ecological validity
What is ecological validity?
Measure of how test performance predicts behaviors in real world settings
What are the four types of Research design?
Longitudinal, Cross sectional, Cohort Sequential, and Micro-genetic?
What are longitudinal studies?
same group measured multiple times
What is a Micro-genetic study?
studies developed in a very short period of time, typically when the child is almost at a developmental milestone
Observing a child on the visual cliff at the onset of crawling, and then again each day for one week, is an example of what study?
Micro-genetic
What is a Cohort Sequential study?
combines longitudinal and cross sectional designs, studying several cohorts (groups) over time
Recruiting children in a kindergarten class and testing them each year until they graduate high school, is an example of what kind of study?
Longitudinal
Testing each proceeding kindergarten class until the original kindergarten class graduates high school, is an example of what kind of study?
Cohort Sequential
Administering a test to all children in grades K-12 at the same time, is an example of what kind of?
Cross sectional
What do Nativists believe?
Biological predisposition, processes and capacities are existing from birth; not learned through experience
What do Empiricists believe?
Experience shapes development
What is a Critical Period of development?
development necessitates specific experience at specific time
What is a Sensitive Period of Development?
Development facilitated by experience at specific time
As soon as a chick is hatched, it imprints on the first moving object usually the mother duck but even if it is a human it imprints, what period of development is this?
Critical Period
Children who are exposed to early language are in what period of development?
Sensitive Period
What is Plasticity?
Flexibility for development to take place
What is the Psychodynamic theory and who created it?
theories that explore the influence of development and developmental stages of universal biological drives and the life experiences of individuals; Freud and Erikson
What is the primitive Id?
instinctual trends, biological processes
What is ego?
organized and realistic between Id and Super-ego
What is the super ego?
critical and moralizing role
What is the Law of effect?
Behaviors resulting in satisfying consequences are repeated vs behaviors resulting in unsatisfying consequences are not
What is Constructivism?
One learns by doing
What is the Sociocultural theory?
Culture interacts with developmental factors, zone of proximal development
What is the Dynamic Systems Theory?
Integration of multiple systems into more complex systems
