Ch 1 and 2 All questions Flashcards
What are some benefits of regular exercise?
Regular exercise improves overall health, enhances heart and blood system function, boosts immune system effectiveness, prevents brain diseases, and enhances muscular athletic ability.
How does exercise improve the heart’s function?
Exercise enhances the mechanical effectiveness of the heart by increasing the volume of blood pumped, improving blood supply to active muscles, and strengthening muscle fibers and surrounding membranes.
How does exercise affect bone health?
Exercise increases bone mineral density, reducing the risk of fractures in older adults by depositing minerals like calcium in the bones.
How does exercise benefit brain and nerve function?
Exercise protects brain and nerve cells from damage, minimizes the risk of neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer’s, promotes nerve growth factors, and improves brain functioning and mental health.
How does exercise impact the immune system?
Exercise boosts the immune system’s response to illness or chronic diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes by increasing antibody and immune cell responses.
Why is understanding exercise physiology important for physical trainers?
Understanding exercise physiology helps trainers plan effective exercise programs by considering how the body’s systems respond and adapt to exercise stress, including the nervous, skeletal, muscular, and cardio-respiratory systems.
What are the three major functions of the nervous system?
The three types of neurons are interneurons (transmit signals between neurons), motor neurons (send signals from the brain or spinal cord to other areas of the body), and sensory neurons (send signals from the body to the spinal cord or brain).
What are the two major compartments of the nervous system?
The two major compartments of the nervous system are the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system (PNS), consisting of all nerves in the body.
What are the four major sections of the brain?
The four major sections of the brain are the cerebrum, diencephalon, cerebellum, and brain stem.
What is the function of the cerebellum?
The cerebellum controls balance, posture, and coordination.
What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and their functions?
The two divisions are the sympathetic ANS (accelerates bodily functions under stress) and the parasympathetic ANS (slows down bodily functions in rest conditions).
Why is proper training of the nervous system important in exercise programs?
Proper training of the nervous system ensures the development of correct movement patterns, improving performance and reducing the risk of injuries.
What is the functional unit of the nervous system?
The neuron is the functional unit of the nervous system.
Describe the structure of a neuron.
A neuron consists of a cell body (soma) containing organelles, an axon for transmitting nerve impulses, and dendrites for receiving information from other neurons.
What is a synapse?
A synapse is a junction between neurons or between a neuron and another cell type where neurotransmitters are released to transmit signals.
What is the purpose of myelin in nerve cells?
Myelin acts as insulation around nerve cells, allowing signals to be transmitted faster, especially in neurons with long axons or dendrites.
What are the three types of neurons and their functions?
The three types of neurons are interneurons (transmit signals between neurons), motor neurons (send signals from the brain or spinal cord to other areas of the body), and sensory neurons (send signals from the body to the spinal cord or brain).
What are the major functions of the skeletal system?
The major functions of the skeletal system include providing form, shape, protection, support, allowing bodily movement, producing blood, and storing minerals for the body’s homeostasis.
How many bones are in the human body, and how many are used in voluntary movement?
There are approximately 206 bones in the human body, with 177 of them used in voluntary movement.
What are the two primary functions of bones during movement?
Bones provide support and leverage during movement. They act as the support system for soft tissues and serve as rigid levers, altering the direction and force exerted by muscles.
What are joints, and what is their role in the skeletal system?
Joints are junctions formed where one bone articulates with another bone. They allow movement and are crucial for mobility and flexibility.
What are synovial joints, and what percentage of joints in the body do they comprise?
Synovial joints are joints held by a joint capsule and ligaments, accounting for roughly 80% of the joints in the body. They have a large capacity for motion.
Describe the roll movement and give an example.
During a roll movement, a bone in the joint rolls across the surface of another bone. An example is during a knee extension when the tibial condyles slide across the femoral condyles.
What is flexibility, and why is it important for joint health?
Flexibility is the range of motion available to a joint. It is important for joint health as increased flexibility can provide greater mechanical efficiency, allowing for more effective and safer movement.
How can stretching benefit joint health?
Stretching is the best exercise for increasing nutrition to the joints. It helps improve flexibility, range of motion, and mechanical efficiency, making movement easier and requiring less energy.
What are the three types of muscle tissue and their locations?
The three types of muscle tissue are cardiac (found in the heart), smooth (found in hollow organs), and skeletal (attached to the skeleton).
Describe the structure of skeletal muscle.
Skeletal muscle is composed of thread-like striations and is attached to the skeleton. It consists of many bundles of muscle fibers called fascicules, which are made up of sarcomeres, the basic contractile units.
How do skeletal muscles contract?
Skeletal muscles contract through the sliding filament model of contraction. Actin and myosin fibers overlap and slide past each other, leading to muscle shortening and contraction.
Where does the energy for muscle contraction come from?
The energy for muscle contraction comes directly from ATP (adenosine triphosphate), which powers the twisting of myosin heads. ATP is converted to ADP (adenosine diphosphate) during muscle contraction.
How do muscles generate force?
Muscles generate force through the action of motor units, which consist of a motor neuron and the muscle fibers it innervates. Clusters of motor units work in unison to manage muscle contractions.
What are the three types of muscle actions?
The three types of muscle actions are concentric (muscle shortening), eccentric (muscle lengthening), and isometric (static, no change in muscle length).
How do slow twitch and fast twitch muscle fibers differ?
Slow twitch (Type I) fibers are used for endurance activities and have high fatigue resistance, while fast twitch (Type II) fibers are used for strength and power and fatigue more quickly.
What is the role of eccentric contractions in muscle function?
Eccentric contractions occur when a muscle lengthens while under tension, providing braking forces and assisting in smooth body motions. They also play a role in strength training and rehabilitation.
How do warm-up exercises benefit muscle function?
Warm-up exercises increase muscle temperature, which reduces viscous resistance within muscles, allowing for greater mechanical efficiency and easier muscle contraction.
What is the cardiorespiratory system?
The cardiorespiratory system comprises the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, working together to provide oxygen, nutrients, and protection to tissues and remove waste products.
What are the seven functions of the cardiovascular system?
The seven functions of the cardiovascular system include transportation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, distribution of nutrients, removal of waste products, regulation of pH, transportation of enzymes and hormones, maintenance of fluid volume, and regulation of body temperature.
What are the primary respiratory muscles, and how do they contribute to breathing?
The primary respiratory muscles are the external intercostals and diaphragm. They aid in normal breathing by expanding the chest cavity and allowing air to enter the lungs.
Describe the structure and function of the heart.
The heart is a muscular pump with four chambers: two atria and two ventricles. It pumps blood throughout the body, receiving deoxygenated blood from the body and pumping oxygenated blood back to the tissues.
