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Biology 9 > Ch 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Ch 1 & 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Possible answer for a scientific question

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2
Q

Data

A

Observations recorded that can be analyzed

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3
Q

Theory

A

Explains wide range of observations/ a proposed explanation

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4
Q

Qualitative data

A

Descriptions of phenomenon using sight, sounds, smells, ect.

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5
Q

Quantitive data

A

characteristics that can be measured and counted; mass, volume, temperature, ect.

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6
Q

Nonsignificant outcome

A

Difference in data caused by chance, no effect or small effect

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7
Q

Statistically significant outcome

A

Data shows an effect not caused by chance

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8
Q

Scientific thinking

A

Observation, forming hypothesis, testing hypothesis, analyzing data, then evaluating result

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

Experiment that is manipulated/changed by scientist; on x-axis

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

Observed & measured during experiment; on y-axis

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11
Q

Constants

A

Conditions that don’t change

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12
Q

Part of an atom

A

Proton & neutron(in nucleus), and electron

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13
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has lost or gained electron(s)

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14
Q

Element

A

One particular type of atom; atoms of same element are the same & atoms of different elements join together to form molecules

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15
Q

Compound

A

Substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio

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16
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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17
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell of an atom

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18
Q

Valence filling

A

First shell that can hold 2 electrons

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19
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Electron stealing; forms through electrical force between oppositely charged ions(first Na loses an electron to Cl, then Na+ and Cl- bond to make NaCl)

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20
Q

Covalent bonding

A

Electron sharing; atoms share a pair of electrons

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21
Q

Water

A

A polar molecules

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22
Q

Nonpolar molecule

A

Do not have charged regions + rarely dissolve in water

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Form between slightly positive hydrogen atoms + slightly negative atoms

24
Q

What are 3 properties of water hydrogen atoms are responsible for?

A

HIgh specific heat(waters resistance to change in temperature), cohesion(attraction among molecules of a substance), and adhesion(attraction among molecules of different substances)

25
Q

Solution

A

Formed when 1 substance dissolves in another; a homogeneous mixture

26
Q

Solvents

A

Dissolve other substances

27
Q

Solutes

A

Dissolve in solvents

28
Q

Acid

A

Release a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water; high H+ concentration + pH less than 7(acidic)

29
Q

Base

A

Removes hydrogen ions from a solution; low H+ concentration + pH greater than 7(non acidic)

30
Q

Neutral solution

A

pH of 7

31
Q

Carbon atoms

A

4 unpaired electrons in outer energy level; can form covalent bonds with 4 other atoms

32
Q

Straight chain

A

Basically looks like a straight line (——)

33
Q

Branched chain

A

Looks like an - and L (L)

34
Q

Ring chain

A

Has a a like hexagon thing

35
Q

Monomer

A

Each subunit in a complete molecule

36
Q

Polymer

A

Large molecule, macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together

37
Q

4 main types of carbon-based molecules found in living things:

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid

38
Q

Carbohydrates

A

composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; include sugars and starches + can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells

39
Q

Lipids

A

Nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol; contain chains of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms + can be broken down as a source of usable energy for cells

40
Q

Fatty acids

A

Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms

41
Q

Protein

A

Polymer made of monomers called amino acids

42
Q

Amino acids

A

Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur; organisms use 20 different of these to build proteins

43
Q

Nucleic acid

A

Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides; general types of this include DNA & RNA + have only 1 function: work together to make proteins

44
Q

DNA

A

stores the information for putting amino acids together to make proteins, basis of genes and heredity

45
Q

RNA

A

helps build proteins

46
Q

Chemical reactions

A

Change substance into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds

47
Q

Reactants

A

Changed during a chemical reaction

48
Q

Products

A

Made during a chemical reaction

49
Q

Bond energy

A

Amount of energy that will break a bond between 2 atoms; energy is needed to form bonds + energy is released when bonds break

50
Q

Equilibrium

A

Reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate

51
Q

Activation energy

A

The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction

52
Q

Exothermic chemical reaction

A

Releases more energy than it absorbs; reactants have high bond energies than products + excess energy released by reactants

53
Q

Endothermic chemical reaction

A

Absorbs more energy than they release; products have high bond energies than reactants + energy must be absorbed to make up the difference

54
Q

Catalyst

A

Substance that lowers activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction/increase rate of chemical reaction

55
Q

Enzymes

A

allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions, lower activation energy + increase rate of chemical reaction(biological catalyst), usually are proteins, stops working when it loses its structure/ break protein = heat up, every chemical reaction has a specific this

56
Q

Substrates

A

The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on

57
Q

polar molecules

A

have slightly charged regions

Biology 9 (4 decks)

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