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Biology 9 > Ch 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Ch 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Hypothesis

A

Possible answer for a scientific question

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2
Q

Data

A

Observations recorded that can be analyzed

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3
Q

Theory

A

Explains wide range of observations/ a proposed explanation

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4
Q

Qualitative data

A

Descriptions of phenomenon using sight, sounds, smells, ect.

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5
Q

Quantitive data

A

characteristics that can be measured and counted; mass, volume, temperature, ect.

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6
Q

Nonsignificant outcome

A

Difference in data caused by chance, no effect or small effect

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7
Q

Statistically significant outcome

A

Data shows an effect not caused by chance

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8
Q

Scientific thinking

A

Observation, forming hypothesis, testing hypothesis, analyzing data, then evaluating result

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9
Q

Independent variable

A

Experiment that is manipulated/changed by scientist; on x-axis

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10
Q

Dependent variable

A

Observed & measured during experiment; on y-axis

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11
Q

Constants

A

Conditions that don’t change

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12
Q

Part of an atom

A

Proton & neutron(in nucleus), and electron

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13
Q

Ion

A

An atom that has lost or gained electron(s)

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14
Q

Element

A

One particular type of atom; atoms of same element are the same & atoms of different elements join together to form molecules

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15
Q

Compound

A

Substance made of atoms of different elements bonded together in a certain ratio

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16
Q

Molecule

A

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

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17
Q

Valence shell

A

Outermost shell of an atom

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18
Q

Valence filling

A

First shell that can hold 2 electrons

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19
Q

Ionic bonding

A

Electron stealing; forms through electrical force between oppositely charged ions(first Na loses an electron to Cl, then Na+ and Cl- bond to make NaCl)

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20
Q

Covalent bonding

A

Electron sharing; atoms share a pair of electrons

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21
Q

Water

A

A polar molecules

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22
Q

Nonpolar molecule

A

Do not have charged regions + rarely dissolve in water

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

Form between slightly positive hydrogen atoms + slightly negative atoms

24
Q

What are 3 properties of water hydrogen atoms are responsible for?

A

HIgh specific heat(waters resistance to change in temperature), cohesion(attraction among molecules of a substance), and adhesion(attraction among molecules of different substances)

25
Solution
Formed when 1 substance dissolves in another; a homogeneous mixture
26
Solvents
Dissolve other substances
27
Solutes
Dissolve in solvents
28
Acid
Release a hydrogen ion when dissolved in water; high H+ concentration + pH less than 7(acidic)
29
Base
Removes hydrogen ions from a solution; low H+ concentration + pH greater than 7(non acidic)
30
Neutral solution
pH of 7
31
Carbon atoms
4 unpaired electrons in outer energy level; can form covalent bonds with 4 other atoms
32
Straight chain
Basically looks like a straight line (——)
33
Branched chain
Looks like an - and L (_L_)
34
Ring chain
Has a a like hexagon thing
35
Monomer
Each subunit in a complete molecule
36
Polymer
Large molecule, macromolecule, made of many monomers bonded together
37
4 main types of carbon-based molecules found in living things:
Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acid
38
Carbohydrates
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; include sugars and starches + can be broken down to provide a source of usable chemical energy for cells
39
Lipids
Nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and cholesterol; contain chains of carbon atoms bonded to oxygen and hydrogen atoms + can be broken down as a source of usable energy for cells
40
Fatty acids
Chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms
41
Protein
Polymer made of monomers called amino acids
42
Amino acids
Molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur; organisms use 20 different of these to build proteins
43
Nucleic acid
Polymers made of monomers called nucleotides; general types of this include DNA & RNA + have only 1 function: work together to make proteins
44
DNA
stores the information for putting amino acids together to make proteins, basis of genes and heredity
45
RNA
helps build proteins
46
Chemical reactions
Change substance into different substances by breaking and forming chemical bonds
47
Reactants
Changed during a chemical reaction
48
Products
Made during a chemical reaction
49
Bond energy
Amount of energy that will break a bond between 2 atoms; energy is needed to form bonds + energy is released when bonds break
50
Equilibrium
Reached when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate
51
Activation energy
The amount of energy that needs to be absorbed to start a chemical reaction
52
Exothermic chemical reaction
Releases more energy than it absorbs; reactants have high bond energies than products + excess energy released by reactants
53
Endothermic chemical reaction
Absorbs more energy than they release; products have high bond energies than reactants + energy must be absorbed to make up the difference
54
Catalyst
Substance that lowers activation energy needed to start a chemical reaction/increase rate of chemical reaction
55
Enzymes
allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions, lower activation energy + increase rate of chemical reaction(biological catalyst), usually are proteins, stops working when it loses its structure/ break protein = heat up, every chemical reaction has a specific this
56
Substrates
The specific reactants that an enzyme acts on
57
polar molecules
have slightly charged regions

Biology 9 (4 decks)

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