Ch: 1 Flashcards
What is an active ingredient?
the specific component of a drug that accomplishes the treatment or prevention of disease.
What is bioequivalence?
when two drugs are metabolized and processed by the body the same way.
What is pharmaceutical equivalence?
a drug that has the same active ingredient, dosage, concentration/strength, and route of administration as the brand product.
What is the Orange Book?
an FDA database that names drug products that meet the safety effectiveness requirements of the FDA.
What is tolerence?
the reduced sensitivity to a drug with a subsequent need for more of a drug to achieve a desired affect.
What is cross-tolerence?
the reduced sensitivity to a substance effects because of a developed tolerence to another similar drug.
What is an additive effect?
each drug’s effect is simply added to the other to come up with a combined total effect (1+1=2)
What is synergism?
an exaggerated effect caused by the use of two or more drugs that are similar in action (1+1=5)
What is potentiation?
where one drug intensifies the effect of another (0+1=10)
What is antagonism?
where one drug counteracts the effects of another.
What does grapefruit contain?
furanocommarins
What drugs should you avoid eating grapefruit with?
statins, bp meds (this can alter the way statin drugs are absorbed or mentabolized which increases the levels on the drug in the body)
What does natural black licorice contain?
glycyrrhiza
What drug should you avoid taking and eating natural black licorice with?
digoxin
What does natural black licorice do to digoxin?
it can deplete potassium in the body. Lowered potassium intensifies digoxin and its side effects.
Does artificial black licorice affect digoxin?
no
What does chocolate and aged cheese contain?
tyramine (an amino acid that helps bp regulation)
What drugs should you avoid eating chocolate and aged cheese with?
MAOIs (monoamine oxidase inhibitors)
What does the combination of MAOIs and chocolate/aged cheese do?
it can cause an increased bp to unsafe levels
What do green leafy vegetables contain?
vitamin K (which helps with blood clotting)
What drug should you avoid eating leafy greeg vegetables with?
Warfarin
What can the combination of warfarin and green leafy vegetables do?
it can reduce the effectiveness of the blood thinner and cause issues in those with Cardio vascular disease.
What is a drug-disease interaction?
when a drug intended for therapeutic use causes some harmful effects because of a disease or condition a patient has.
What does nephrotoxic mean?
a drug toxic to the kidneys.
What is hypertension?
high blood pressure
What things do not go well with hypertension?
otc decongestants, NSAIDS, and antiacids.
What do otc decongestants do in terms of hypertension?
they shrink the blood vessels which raises BP
What do NSAIDS do in terms of hypertension?
can cause fluid retention
What do antacids do in terms of hypertension?
it contains magnesium, which can affect heart rhythm.
What is Beers criteria?
recommendations as to what drugs should be avoided or given with caution in patients over 65.
What is an adverse drug reaction?
a bad side effect
What is paradoxical reaction?
reactions to a drug that are opposite of the intended effect.
what are idiosyncratic reactions?
rare and unpredictable drug reactions that dont occur in most patients (can be easily life threatening)
What are drugs interactions?
a state of a drug interacting with another drug or component in diet
What are some common side effects?
headache, nausea, diarrhea, drowsiness, constipation, skin irritation, dry mouth
What are some severe side effects?
swelling, difficulty breathing, seizures, very low bp
What does a drug having a narrow therapeutic index mean?
it is only safe and effective within a small range.
What is a contraindication?
what makes a medication or process not recommended. this outlines why a person should or not receive treatment.
What are types on contraindications?
absolute, and relative
What is an absolute contraindication?
where a procedure or drug could be life threatening and should be avoided.
What is a relative contraindication?
where a procedure or drug should be used with caution in situations where the benefits outweigh the risks
