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Parasitology > Cestodes > Flashcards

Cestodes Flashcards

1
Q

Consists of a hexacanth embryo also known as oncosphere

A

Eggs

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2
Q

____ the motile, first larval stage characterized by the presence of six small hooks called ______

A
  • oncosphere
  • hooklets (arranged in pairs)
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3
Q

______

• Resemble a ribbon in appearance
• Very primitive that they absorb nutrients and excrete waste products through their outer surface, called ______

A
  • Adult tapeworm
  • Tegument
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4
Q

Distinct features (3) common to all adult tapeworms:

A
  1. SCOLEX
  2. NECK REGION
  3. A SERIES of PROGLOTTIDS referred to as the STROBILA
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5
Q

Scolex contains:

A
  • Four cup shaped, known as suckers
  • Rostellum
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6
Q

provide the worm the ability to attach to the intestinal mucosa of the infected host

A

Suckers

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7
Q

a fleshy extension of the scolex, from which none, one or two rows of hooks might be present

A

Rostellum

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8
Q

Beef tapeworm

A

Taenia saginata

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9
Q

Pork tapeworm

A

Taenia solium

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10
Q

Is also associated with CYSTICERCOSIS

A

T. solium

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11
Q

is found worldwide

A

T. solium

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12
Q

is found primarily in cosmopolitan areas

A

T. saginata

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13
Q

Taenia spp. EGGS

It is surrounded by a _______ present on select tapeworm eggs known as ______ on which distinct radial striations reside.

A
  • yellow brown shell
  • embryophore
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14
Q

Primary difference between T.saginata and T.solium

A

T. solium contains a
fleshy rostellum and a row of double crown(hooks), T. saginata lacks
these structures.

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15
Q

*Taenia spp. PROGLOTTIDS

Taenia saginata
Average number: ____
Appearance:____
No. of uterine branches:____

A

Average number:1048
Appearance: rectangular
Size: 17.5 by 5.5 mm
No. of uterine branches: 15 to 30

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16
Q

*Taenia spp. PROGLOTTIDS

Taenia solium
Average number: ___
Appearance: ___
No. of uterine branches: ___

A

Average number: 898
Appearance: square
No. of uterine branches: 7 to 15

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17
Q

Infection follows after ingestion of raw or undercooked beef (T.saginata) or pork
(T.solium) contaminated with ___

A

cysticercus larva (intestinal taeniasis)

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18
Q

is a larva that consists of a scolex surrounded by a bladder-like, thin-walled cyst that is filled with fluid

A

Cysticercus larva

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19
Q

Two types of cysticercus larva

A
  1. Cysticercus bovis: Taenia saginata
  2. Cysticercus cellulosae: Taenia solium
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20
Q

Taenia spp life cycle

larva emerges in the ___ , where maturation into adult worm occurs.

A

small intestine

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21
Q

Taenia spp. IH

A

Cow (saginata)
Pig (solium)

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22
Q

*Cysticercosis

common manifestation

A

neurocysticercosis

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23
Q

Taenia spp. LABORATORY DIAGNOSIS

  • Specimen of choice:
  • Has a very high rate of recovering
    Taenia eggs:
  • Since the eggs are highly identical, recovery of ____ is a must to speciate them:
  • Immunologic tests for Cysticercosis:
A
  • STOOL
  • CELLOPHANE TAPE PREP.
  • GRAVID PROGLOTTID OR SCOLEX
  • IHA and ELISA
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24
Q

TAENIA SPP. TREATMENT

*Treatment of choice:
* Alternative treatment:
* Cysticercosis:

A
  • PRAZIQUANTEL
  • PARAMOMYCIN and QUINACRINE HYDROCHLORIDE (ATABRINE)
  • SURGICAL REMOVAL and MEDICATION
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25
Q

contains a SUNKEN ROSTELLUM AND TWO ROW OF HOOKLETS

A

Taenia asiatica

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26
Q

RAT TAPEWORM

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

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27
Q

Distributed worldwide especially
in areas in which foodstuffs such
as grain or cereal are not
protected from rats and insects.

A

Hymenolepis diminuta

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28
Q
  • Average size: 55 to 85 um
  • The hexacanth embryo contains
    three pairs of hooks
  • A shell surrounds the embryo that
    exhibits distinct polar thickenings
    and no polar filaments.
  • A colorless embryophore encloses
    the entire structure.
A

Hymenolepis diminuta Eggs

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29
Q
  • Equipped with four suckers
  • a rostellum bearing no hooks protrudes
    from the anterior end of the scolex
A

H. diminuta Scolices

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30
Q

H. diminuta infective stage to humans

A

cysticercoid larvae

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31
Q
  • Each mature segment contains one set
    of female and one set of male
    reproductive organs.
  • The gravid proglottid which is twice as
    wide as long, consists of a saclike uterus
    filled with eggs that occupy most of the
    available space.
A

H. diminuta Proglottids

32
Q

H. diminuta
Treatment of choice :
Alternative:

A
  • Praziquantel
  • Niclosamide
33
Q

“dwarf tapeworm”

A

Hymenolepis nana

34
Q
  • Considered to be the most common
    tapeworm recovered in the United
    States.
  • Tropical and subtropical climates harbors
    this parasite
A

Hymenolepis nana

35
Q
  • Has a shell complete with polar thickenings that protect the embryo
  • Numerous polar filaments originate from the polar thickenings
A

Hymenolepis nana Eggs

36
Q
  • Contains four suckers
  • Short rostellum with one row
    of hooks
A

H. nana Scolices

37
Q
  • Mature and gravid proglottids
    resemble those of H.diminuta
    both in size and appearance
A

H. nana Proglottids

38
Q

H. nana

Development of the cysticercoid larva occurs in the ____

A

intestine

39
Q

resides in the intestine, in which it is capable of self-reproduction

A

H. nana adult worms

40
Q

commonly found in grains
that may serve as intermediate host for
Hymenolepis spp.

A

Tribolium beetles

41
Q

H. nana

Drug of choice:
Alternative:

A
  • Praziquantel
  • Niclosamide
42
Q

Dipylidium caninum is also known as

A

“dog or cat tapeworm”
“pumpkin seed tapeworm”

43
Q
  • Commonly associated with
    Dipylidiasis, dog or cat tapeworm
    disease
  • Distribution is worldwide.
  • Children are at the highest risk for
    infection transmission.
A

Dipylidium caninum

44
Q
  • Consists of typical six-hooked oncosphere.
  • Form a membrane-enclosed packets which may contain 5 to 30 eggs per packet.
A

Dipylidium caninum Eggs

45
Q
  • Conical in shape with four suckers
    and a club-shaped retractable
    rostellum armed with one to six or
    seven circlets of spines (rose-thorn
    shaped) instead of hooks.
A

D caninum

46
Q
  • The mature and gravid proglottids resemble pumpkin seeds in shape
  • Each mature segment contains two sets of both male and female
    reproductive organs
A

Dipylidium caninum Proglottids

47
Q
  • Accidental human infection happens upon ingestion of an intermediate
    host’s dog or cat fleas
A

Dipylidium caninum

48
Q
  • The fleas may be transmitted by a lick of the infected dog or cat or by
    hand-to-mouth contamination or ingestion of contaminated food.
A

Dipylidium caninum

49
Q

Patients may also experience anal pruritis
caused by migrating gravid proglottids to the anus.

A

Dipylidiasis: Dog or Cat Tapeworm Disease

50
Q

H. caninum diagnosis

A

recovery of egg packets or gravid
proglottid in stool samples

51
Q

H. caninum
Treatment of choice:
Alternatives:

A
  • Praziquantel
  • Niclosamide and Paramomycin
52
Q

“broad fish tapeworm”

A

Diphyllobothrium latum

53
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum is also known as

A

Dibothriocephalus latus

54
Q
  • Found in a variety of temperate regions worldwide
  • Noted endemic areas include parts of South America and Asia, Central Africa, the Baltic region, and Finland where raw and/or freshwater fish are routinely consumed. Also found in Alaska and the Great Lakes in US.
A

Diphyllobothrium latum

55
Q
  • Consists of a ciliated larval stage known as
    coracidium, surrounded by a smooth yellow
    to brown shell.
  • Operculum, which is a lid structure,
    consumes one end of the egg
  • Abopercular knob is a small but distinct
    terminal knob which extends from the
    opposite end of the egg.
A

D. latum eggs

56
Q

Almond in shape and contains
two long, prominent, sucking
grooves.

A

D. latum scolices

57
Q
  • Wider than they are longer
  • Characteristically contain a
    centrally located uterine structure that frequently assumes a rosette formation.
A

D. latum proglottids

58
Q

H. latum

Human infection is initiated upon ingestion of ____

A

pleurocercoid

59
Q

a precursor larval stage, contaminated freshwater fish that is raw or undercooked.

A

pleurocercoid

60
Q

D. latum
First intermediate host:
Second intermediate host:

A
  • Cyclops
  • Freshwater fish
61
Q

D. latum

_____ may develop when the adult worm takes up residence in and attaches itself to the proximal part of the jejunum. This condition mimics that of Pernicious Anemia.

A

Vitamin B12 deficiency

62
Q

This condition results from ingesting the procercoid larvae of Diphyllobothrium latum.

A

Sparganosis

63
Q

an infected subcutaneous tissue often described as white, wrinkled, and ribbon-shaped, typically results

A

Sparganum

64
Q

Humans can contract Sparganosis in two ways:

A
  1. Through water contaminated with infected copepods.
  2. Through medicines contaminated with infected animal by-products.
65
Q

H. latum
Drugs of choice:
Sparganosis:

A
  • Praziquantel and Niclosamide
  • Surgical removal of sparganum ( treatment with praziquantel is also effective)
66
Q

Echinococcus granulosus is also knwon as

A

“dog tapeworm” “hydatid tapeworm”

67
Q

causes cystic echinococcus and is most frequently encountered

A

Echinococcus granulosus

68
Q

is associated with alveolar echinococcus which is becoming more common

A

E. multilocularis

69
Q

Within the hydatid cyst of E. granulosus, miniaturizations of the entire cyst may occur, and is referred to as

A

daughter cysts

70
Q

components found in the
fluid of older E.granulosus cysts that typically
include daughter cysts, free scolices,
hooklet, and miscellaneous nondescript
material may evolve

A

Hydatid sand

71
Q

E. granulosus scolex contains four suckers and has approximately ____ (not typically
seen in humans but in canines)

A

36 hooks

72
Q

Serves as accidental intermediate hosts of e. granulosus

A

Humans

73
Q

Enlargement of cyst leads to necrosis of the
infected tissues, accompanied by build up
of pressure on the site. Death may also
occur.

A

ECHINOCOCCOSIS/HYDATID DISEASE/HYDATIDOSIS

74
Q

E granulosus lab diagnosis

A
  • Hydatid cyst biopsy samples
  • ## Serologic tests such as ELISA, IHA, and Western blot test
75
Q

E. granulosus treatment

A
  • Surgical removal of the hydatid cyst
  • Mebendazole, Albendazole, and Praziquantel have been useful in
    situations which the hydatid cyst was inoperable.

Parasitology (6 decks)

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