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Parasitology > 6. Flagellates > Flashcards

6. Flagellates Flashcards

1
Q

a whiplike structures responsible for the
movement of the flagellates (trophozoite form).

A

flagella

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2
Q

Flagellates reside mainly in the:

A

✓Small intestines
✓Cecum
✓Colon
✓Duodenum (Giardia intestinalis)

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3
Q

are equipped
with thick, protective cell walls
and can survive in the outside
environment (similar to amebas).

A

flagellate cysts

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4
Q

finlike structure connected to the outer edge of some flagellates

A

Undulating membrane

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5
Q

rodlike support structure found in some flagellates

A

Axostyle

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6
Q

Flagellate identification:

A

✓Use of saline
✓Iodine wet preparations
✓Permanent stain

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7
Q

➢Common disease:
* Giardiasis, traveler’s diarrhea
➢Initially known as:
* Cercomonas intestinalis
➢Stiles coined the term:
* Giardia lamblia
➢Some also consider the term:
* Giardia duodenale (as a synonym)

A

Giardia intestinalis

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8
Q

Giardia intestinalis
Trophozoite

A

➢Shape
* Pear-shaped, teardrop
➢Motility
* Falling leaf
➢Appearance
* Bilaterally symmetrical

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9
Q

Giardia intestinalis
Cysts

A

➢Shape
* Ovoid
➢Nuclei
* Immature cyst, two mature cysts, four central
karyosomes, NO peripheral chromatin
➢Cytoplasm
* Retracted from cell wall

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10
Q

Giardia intestinalis
Laboratory Diagnosis

A

➢Enterotest - duodenal contents using string test.
➢Fecal antigen detection by Enzyme Immunoassays (EIA) and Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
➢Direct Fluorescence detection (Giardia and Cryptosporidium)
➢Giardia western immunoblotting (blot)
➢Real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) – molecular method sensitive enough for environmental
monitoring.

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11
Q

Considered to be one of the most common intestinal
parasite, especially among children.

A

Giardia intestinalis

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12
Q

Found worldwide in lakes, streams, and other water
sources.

A

Giardia intestinalis

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13
Q

are resistant to the routine
chlorination procedures.

A

Giardia intestinalis cyst

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14
Q

_____ as well as _____ of this water is crucial to obtain adequate drinking water.

A
  • Filtration
  • Chemical treatment
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15
Q

now considered to be
the only known pathogenic intestinal flagellate

A

Giardia intestinalis

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16
Q

also known Traveler’s disease

A

Giardia intestinalis

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17
Q

Typical incubation period of Giaria intestinalis

A

10-36 days

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18
Q

Giardia is a self-limiting condition that typically is
over in after onset.

A

10 to 14 days

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19
Q

Patients with _____ or an
______ appear to be
particularly susceptible to reoccurring infection.

A
  • intestinal diverticuli
  • immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiency
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20
Q

Primary choice of treatment for G. intestinalis infection
(according to CDC):

A

✓Metronidazole, Tinidazole, and Nitazoxanide

21
Q

G. intestinalis is discovered in ____ by ____ when he examined a sample of his own stool.

A
  • 1681
  • Anton van
    Leeuwenhoek
22
Q

First known rough description of Giardia was written by the
Secretary of the Royal Society of London

A

Robert Hooke

23
Q

Giardia trophozoites have often been
referred to as resembling an

A

old man’s face with whiskers

24
Q

are both known to be
carriers of double-stranded RNA
viruses.

A

G. intestinalis and Trichomonas
vaginalis

25
Q

Chilomastix mesnili
Trophozoite

A

➢Shape – Pear-shaped
➢Motility – Stiff, rotary, directional

26
Q

Chilomastix mesnili cysts

A

➢Shape – Lemon-shaped, with a clear hyaline knob extending from the anterior end
➢Nuclei – One, with large central karyosome, No peripheral chromatin

27
Q

(Chilomastix mesnili)

often demonstrate the
organism’s features most clearly.

A

Iodine wet preparations

28
Q

➢Once inside the human body, it is known to reside in the mucosal crypts of the large intestine.

A

Dientamoeba fragilis

29
Q

One unproven theory suggests that is transmitted via the eggs of helminth parasites such as
Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides.

A

D. fragilis

30
Q

Dientamoeba fragilis Treatment

A

✓Iodoquinol – treatment of choice
✓Tetracycline – acceptable alternative treatment

31
Q

Feature diagnostic for the identification of D. fragilis.

A

Hakansson phenomenon

32
Q

numerous granules are present in this stage
and exhibit Brownian motion

A

Hakansson phenomenon

33
Q

the erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid

A

Brownian motion

34
Q

Enteromonas hominis Trophozoite

A

➢Shape – Oval; sometimes half circle
➢Motility – Jerky

35
Q

Enteromonas hominis Cyst

A

➢Nuclei – One to four, Binucleated and
quadrinucleated nuclei located at opposite ends, Central karyosome. No
peripheral chromatin.

36
Q

Enteromonas hominis treatment

A

not indicated
(nonpathogen)

37
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis Trophozoite

A

➢Shape – Ovoid
➢Motility – Jerky
➢Nuclei – One, with small central karyosome. Ring of chromatin

38
Q

Retortamonas intestinalis Cyst

A

➢Shape – Lemon-shaped, pear-shaped
➢Nuclei – One, located in anterior-central
region with central karyosome. May be surrounded by a delicate ring of chromatin
granules.

39
Q

Two fused fibrils resembling a bird’s beak in the anterior nuclear region

A

Retortamonas intestinalis

40
Q

Trichomonas hominis Trophozoite

A

➢Shape – Pear-shaped
➢Motility – Nervous, jerky
➢Nuclei – One, with a small central karyosome. No
peripheral chromatin.

41
Q

Common Disease:
Persistent urethritis,
Persistent vaginitis,
Infant Trichomonas
vaginalis infection

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

42
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis
Trophozoite

A

➢Shape – Ovoid, round or pear-shaped
➢Motility – Rapid, Jerky
➢Nuclei – One, ovoid, nondescript
➢Flagella – All originating anteriorly: Three to five
extending anteriorly, One extending posteriorly.

43
Q

➢Trophozoites reside on the ____ of the vagina in infected women.

➢Trophozoites multiply by _____ and feed on local bacteria and leukocytes.

➢Trophozoites thrive in a _____ or _____ environment.

➢Most common infection site of T. vaginalis in male: _____

A
  • mucosal surface
  • longitudinal binary fission
  • slightly alkaline or slightly acidic pH
  • Gland region and the epithelium of the urethra
44
Q

Trophozoites are by nature hardy and resistant to changes in their environment.

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

45
Q

Persistent vaginitis incubation period

A

4 to 28 days

46
Q

Trichomonas vaginalis Treatment of choice

A

Metronidazole

47
Q

Trichomonas tenax Trophozoite

A

➢Shape – Oval, pear-shaped

➢Nuclei – One, ovoid nucleus; consist of
vesicular region filled with chromatin
granules.

48
Q

Trichomonas tenax specimen of choice

A

Mouth scrapings

Parasitology (6 decks)

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