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Parasitology > 7. Hemoflagellates > Flashcards

7. Hemoflagellates Flashcards

1
Q

Hemoflagellates Morphologic Forms

A
  • Amastigote
  • Promastigotes
  • Epimastigote
  • Trypomastigote
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2
Q

Roundish and oval; a single, large nucleus that is off-center, sometimes
present more toward the edge of the organism; basal body structure known as BLEPHAROBLAST

A

Amastigote

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3
Q

Measures 9 to 15 um in length; The large single nucleus is located in or near the center of the long slender body

A

Promastigote

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4
Q

Slightly wider than that of the promastigote; Large single nucleus is
located at the posterior end
of the organism.

A

Epimastigotes

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5
Q

Typically measures 12 to 35 um
long by 2 to 4 um wide; May often assume the shape of the letters C, S, or U in stained blood films

A

Trypomastigote

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6
Q

is an umbrella term that is used to refer to the BLEPHAROBLAST and small parabasal body

A

Kinetoplast

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7
Q

forms routinely found in human specimens.

A

Amastigote and trypomastigote

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8
Q

are found primarily in tissue and muscle, and CNS within macrophages, where they multiply

A

Amastigote

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9
Q

reproduce and are visible in the peripheral blood.

A

Trypomastigote

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10
Q

may be seen only if blood sample is collected immediately after transmission into a healthy individual or when the appropriate sample is cultured

A

Promastigote

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11
Q

Specimens of choice:

A

blood, lymph node and ulcer aspirations, tissue
biopsies, bone marrow, and cerebrospinal fluid.

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12
Q

common name for an infection with Leishmania tropica; it is a cutaneous form of Leishmaniasis presenting with pus-containing ulcers

A

Baghdad boils

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13
Q
A
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13
Q

a common name for a cutaneous form of infection caused by
Leishmania mexicana

A

Bay sore

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14
Q

cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. mexicana; commonly
found in Belize, Guatemala, and the Yucatan peninsula in areas where chicle sap is harvested for making chewing gum

A

Chiclero ulcer

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15
Q

a common reference for the cutaneous leishmaniasis
caused by the infecting agents comprising the Leishmania tropic complex

A

Oriental sore

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16
Q

– a common name for visceral leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani

A

Dum dum fever

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17
Q

another name for the most severe form of visceral leishmaniasis caused by
members of the Leishmania donovani complex

A

Kala-azar

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18
Q

– reference to mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Peruvian Andes

A

Yuta

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19
Q

– another name for an infection resulting from Leishmania braziliensis, the principal cause of mucocutaneous disease in Central and South America, particularly Brazil

A

Espundia

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20
Q

another name for the infection with Leishmania guyanensis, the principal cause
of mucocutaneous leishmaniasis in the Guianas, parts of Brazil and Venezuela, also
known as pian bois

A

Forest yaws

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21
Q

a general term for parasitic infection of the blood, into new
environments, finding new host organisms and new vectors

A

Parasitemia

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22
Q

its organisms are the causative
agent may also be referred to as New World

A

Leishmania braziliensis complex

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23
Q

are responsible for
transmitting the promastigotes of L. braziliensis complex into unsuspecting
humans via blood meal, resulting in a skin bite.

A

Lutzomyia and Psychodopygus

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24
Q

The diagnostic stage in humans is the ______ while it serves as the
infective stage for the sandflies.

A

amastigote

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25
Q

the amastigote
transform back into _____ in the fly midgut and multiply

A

promastigotes

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26
Q

Large ulcers in the oral or nasal mucosa areas
(mucocutaneous) develop in some patients after the initial invasion of the reticuloendothelial cells.

A

Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

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27
Q

responsible for Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania braziliensis complex

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28
Q
  • Mucocutaneous Leismaniasis specimen of choice:
  • Giemsa-stained preparations should reveal
A
  • Biopsy of the Infected Ulcer
  • Amastigotes
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29
Q

restriction analysis of the kinetoplast DNA

A

Schizodeme analysis

30
Q

nuclear DNA hybridization, and isoenzyme
patterns analysis

A

Zymodeme analysis

31
Q

the most widely used treatment for mucocutaneous leishmaniasis.

A

Antileishmanial agent with antimony compounds

32
Q

L.braziliensis has shown increased resistance to pentavalent
antimonials such as

A

sodium stibogluconate (Pentosan)

33
Q

Organisms of the complex and their diseases may be referred to as Old or
New World

A

Leishmania donovani complex

34
Q

L.donovani is capable of being transmitted person to person via

A

blood transfusion

35
Q

High levels of _____ in patients successfully treated with visceral leishmaniasis may indicate parasite
remnants.

A

galactosyl-alpha(1-3)galactose antibodies

36
Q

L.donovani
primarily affects the _____ of the infected human.

A

visceral tissue

37
Q

Also known as kala-azar or dum dum fever; Patients often present with nondescript abdominal illness
and hepatosplenomegaly.

A

Visceral Leishmaniasis

38
Q

Visceral Leishmaniasis Onset of symptoms is gradual and follows an incubation
period ranging from _____

A

2 weeks to 18 months

39
Q

Used for screening
large populations at risk for infections caused by Leishmania spp.

A

Montenegro skin test

40
Q

(Leishmania donovani complex)

Culture of blood, bone marrow and
other tissues may show the

A

promastigote form

41
Q

(Leishmania donovani complex)

drug of choice

A

Liposomal amphotericin B (Ambisome)

42
Q

(Leishmania donovani complex)

Infected patients with AIDS respond to

A

allopurinol

43
Q
  • Associated with New World cutaneous leishmaniasis, chiclero ulcer, bay
    sore
  • The diseases and their causative agents maybe referred to as New World because of the geographic location of its members.
A

Leishmania mexicana complex

44
Q

New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

A

Leishmania mexicana complex

45
Q

Characterized by a single pus-containing ulcer, which is generally
self-healing

A

New World Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

46
Q

Infections with L.amazonensis have been known to progress to
incurable

A

DCL form

47
Q

Associated with diseases and condition namely, Old World Cutaneous
Leishmaniasis, Oriental sores, Delhi boils, Baghdad boils, dry or urban cutaneous leishmaniasis.

A

Leishmania tropica complex

48
Q

L.tropica complex primarily attacks the

A

human lymphoid tissue of the skin

49
Q

(L.tropica complex)

Microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained slides of aspiration of fluid underneath the ulcer bed for the typical

A

Amastigote

50
Q

In L. tropica complex skin test (Montenegro skin test) can be used, however patients with active infection
tests

A

negative

51
Q

(L. tropica complex)

Effective treatment is

A

sodium stibogluconate (Pentosam)

52
Q

causative agent of the trypanosomal diseases known as nagana and sleeping sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucie

53
Q

a form of disease
found in cattles

A

nagana

54
Q

West African Sleeping Sickness

A

Trypanosoma brucie gambiense

55
Q

two specie of tsetse flies responsible for the transmission of T.b.gambiense

A

Glosina palpalis and Glosina tachinoides

56
Q

T.b.gambiense has shown to be acquired through blood transfusion, organ transplantation, and

A

congenital transmission

57
Q

Humans become infected with T.b. gambiense following injection of
_______ by the ______ during its blood meal.

A
  • trypomastigotes
  • the tsetse fly
58
Q

First notable symptom is the development of a painful chancre (ulcer), surrounded by a white halo at the bite site.

A

West African (Gambian) Sleeping Sickness

59
Q

which refers to the enlargement of the cervical lymph nodes in reference to this trypanosomal disease.

A

Winterbottom’s sign

60
Q

a delayed
sensation to pain

A

Kerandel’s sign

61
Q

(Trypanosoma brucie gambiense)

Giemsa-stained preparations reveal the typical

A

trypomastigotes

62
Q

used for treatment of T.b.gambiense infections.

A

Melarsoprol, suramin, pentamidine and eflornithine

63
Q

Commonly associated with East African Sleeping Sickness; More aggressive than that of the West African Sleeping Sickness.

A

Trypanosoma brucie rhodesiense

64
Q

Trypanosoma brucie rhodesiense vectors

A

Glossina morsitans and Glossina pallidipes

64
Q

Presence of _____ is
diagnostic for T.b.rhodesiense.

A

IgM

65
Q

Commonly associated with Chaga’s disease

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

66
Q

Trypanosoma cruzi vector

A

reduviid bug known as “kissing bug”, “conenose bug”, and “triatomid bug”

67
Q

Edema as well as a rash around the eyes and face may subsequently occur

A

Chaga’s disease

68
Q

happens when patients contract T. cruzi through ocular mucosa and develop a characteristic conjunctivitis and unilateral edema of the eyelids

A

Romana’s sign

69
Q

is a traditional method of diagnosing T. cruzi

A

Xenodiagnosis

70
Q

T. cruzi (chagas disease) treatment of choice

A

nifurtimox (Lampit)

71
Q

T. rangeli vector

A

Rhodinus prolixus

72
Q

all trypanosoma specie demonstrates _____ in giemsa-stained preparations

A

trypomastigote

Parasitology (6 decks)

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