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MSK 2 > Cervical Spine Anatomy, Neurology & Biomechanics > Flashcards

Cervical Spine Anatomy, Neurology & Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the vertebral body in the CS is an origin for cervical muscles?

A

-transverse processes

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2
Q

How does the cervical vertebral body compare with the lumbar vertebral body?

A

-cervical vertebral body is thinner & wider compared to TS & LS

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3
Q

Name of the opening in which the spinal nerve passes through in CS.

A

-foraminal gutter (sulcus or groove)

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4
Q

Where is the foraminal gutter specifically located between each vertebral body

A

-between the anterior & posterior tubercles of the transverse process

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5
Q

transverse foramen holds what structure?

A

-vertebral artery

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6
Q

Differences of LS disc & CS disc

A

CS disc:

  1. lamellae do not exhibit alternating orientations. posterior part of disc consists of vertically oriented fibers.
  2. structure of a dense anterior interosseous ligament with few fibers to contain the NP
  3. posterolaterally the NP is contained by the alar fibers of the PLL & UVJ
  4. vertical height of disc is 2 times greater anteriorly than posteriorly
  5. thinner than LS disc
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7
Q

At what age is there a decrease in the blood supply resulting in overall loss of disc height?

A

-20 yrs old

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8
Q

fissures in CS disc

A

-result of normal mechanics & usually are not painful

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9
Q

How are the inferior facets in the CS oriented?

A

-anteriorly & downward

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10
Q

How are the superior facets oriented in the CS?

A

-posteriorly & upward

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11
Q

CS facet joint is what type of joint?

A

-synovial joint with hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

Strengths & weaknesses of CS facet joint capsule?

A
  • strong anteriorly

- thin & weak posteriorly

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13
Q

How does the CS facet joint allow for translation?

A

-the joint becomes lax in neutral & extension

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14
Q

CS facet joint meniscoids

A

-vascular, fat-filled, intra-articular inclusions that consist of connective tissue & are innervated

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15
Q

CS facet joint meniscoids function

A

-space fillers

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16
Q

What are the CS facet joint meniscoids prone to?

A

-entrapment

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17
Q

What happens to the CS facet joints with age?

A

-atrophy & disappear

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18
Q

CS facet joint orientation

A

-45 degree angle to horizontal

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19
Q

What motion does the CS facet joint facilitate?

A

-rotation

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20
Q

CS facet joint capsular pattern

A

-extension > SB, rot; flexion not affected

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21
Q

In what position do the disc & facet joints in the CS bear equal vertical compressive forces?

A

-erect standing position

22
Q

Function of uncovertebral joints

A
  1. contain the posterolateral border of the IVD
  2. guide CS flexion & extension
  3. reduce SB of CS
  4. prevent posterior translation of neighboring vertebra
23
Q

Why is it thought that the uncovertebral joints wear out faster (5-7x) more than other joints?

A

-most likely due to additional loading on these joints associated with increased disc fissuring & loss of disc height & shear forces on the joint during vertical movement [usually not painful but will see crepitus & decreased ROM]

24
Q

innervation of ALL & PLL

A

-sinuvertebral nerve (anterior rami of C1-C6

25
Q

CS deep layer muscles

A
  1. rectus capitus posterior minor
  2. rectus capitus posterior major
  3. oblique capitus inferior
  4. oblique capitus superior
  5. transversospinalis
26
Q

CS intermediate layer muscles

A
  1. semispinalis capitus
  2. semispinalis cervicis
  3. intertransersarii
  4. scalenes
  5. splenius capitus
  6. splenius cervicis
  7. levator scapulae
27
Q

CS superficial layer muscles

A
  1. SCM

2. upper trap

28
Q

CS anterior muscles

A
  1. rectus capitus lateralis
  2. rectus capitus anterior minor
  3. rectus capitus anterior major
  4. longus cervicis/longus coli
29
Q

Locations of where CS nerve roots exit the vertebrae

A

-8 cervical nerve roots each exiting above the vertebra which it is named for EXCEPT C8 which exits below C7

30
Q

Anterior nerve compression at CS is caused by which structures?

A

-likely caused by protruding discs & osteophytes of the uncovertebral region

31
Q

Posterior nerve compression at CS is caused by structures?

A

-likely caused by superior articular process, the ligamentum flavum

32
Q

CS disc innervation

A

-sinuvertebral nerve (anterior rami C1-C6)

33
Q

CS facet joint innervation

A

-dorsal cervical rami from C2-C8 and the sinuvertebral nerve

34
Q

normal CS flexion range

A

0-(45-60) degrees

35
Q

How do the vertebra & disc move during CS flexion?

A
  • superior vertebra tilts anteriorly & glides superiorly over the vertebra below
  • ventral compression & dorsal distraction of disc
36
Q

Limiters of CS flexion?

A
  1. SS, IS, & PLL ligaments
  2. ligamentum flavum
  3. ligamentum nuchae
  4. capsular ligaments
  5. facet orientation
  6. cervical extensor muscles
37
Q

normal CS extension range

A

0-(60-80) degrees

38
Q

How do the vertebra & disc move during CS extension?

A
  • superior vertebra tilts posteriorly & glides inferiorly over the vertebra below
  • IVF narrows & spinous processes approximate
39
Q

Does flexion or extension place the CS in the closed packed position?

A

-CS extension

40
Q

Limiters of CS extension?

A
  1. disc size
  2. bony contact of spinous processes or facet & transverse processes
  3. tension in facet joints
  4. anterior annulus
  5. anterior trunk muscles
  6. ALL
41
Q

normal CS rotation range

A

0-(50-70) degrees

42
Q

Where is the fulcrum located during CS rotation?

A

-initial fulcrum is the disc until the facets close on side rotating toward & then those facets become the fulcrum

43
Q

Movement of facets during CS rotation?

A
  • facets glide inferiorly on the side rotating toward & superior on the opposite side
  • side rotating towards closes down & opposite side opens up
44
Q

normal CS side bending range

A

0-(25-50) degrees

45
Q

How do the CS structures move during CS side bending?

A
  • superior vertebra tilts to the side you are side bending towards & glides inferiorly over vertebra below
  • facet on opposite side glides superiorly
  • annulus is compressed on concavity of curve & stretched on convexity
  • side bending towards closes down & opposite side opens up
46
Q

Limiters of CS side bending

A
  1. facets on the same side
  2. passive tension in annulus
  3. intertransverse ligaments & posterior trunk muscles
47
Q

Coupled movements in CS

A

-generally SB & rotation are coupled IPSILATERAL but in extreme flexion, SB & rotation go opposite one another

48
Q

combined movement in CS

A

-SB & rotation contralateral

49
Q

Which segments in the CS have fairly equal SB/rotation?

A

C2-C4

50
Q

Does lower or upper CS have more rotation and why?

A

-lower CS due to plane of facets

51
Q

Which CS segments has the greatest mobility?

A

-C5-C6 usually has greatest mobility, least amount of resistance with movement

MSK 2 (16 decks)

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