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MSK 2 > Cervical Spine Anatomy, Neurology & Biomechanics > Flashcards

Cervical Spine Anatomy, Neurology & Biomechanics Flashcards

1
Q

Which part of the vertebral body in the CS is an origin for cervical muscles?

A

-transverse processes

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2
Q

How does the cervical vertebral body compare with the lumbar vertebral body?

A

-cervical vertebral body is thinner & wider compared to TS & LS

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3
Q

Name of the opening in which the spinal nerve passes through in CS.

A

-foraminal gutter (sulcus or groove)

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4
Q

Where is the foraminal gutter specifically located between each vertebral body

A

-between the anterior & posterior tubercles of the transverse process

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5
Q

transverse foramen holds what structure?

A

-vertebral artery

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6
Q

Differences of LS disc & CS disc

A

CS disc:

  1. lamellae do not exhibit alternating orientations. posterior part of disc consists of vertically oriented fibers.
  2. structure of a dense anterior interosseous ligament with few fibers to contain the NP
  3. posterolaterally the NP is contained by the alar fibers of the PLL & UVJ
  4. vertical height of disc is 2 times greater anteriorly than posteriorly
  5. thinner than LS disc
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7
Q

At what age is there a decrease in the blood supply resulting in overall loss of disc height?

A

-20 yrs old

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8
Q

fissures in CS disc

A

-result of normal mechanics & usually are not painful

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9
Q

How are the inferior facets in the CS oriented?

A

-anteriorly & downward

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10
Q

How are the superior facets oriented in the CS?

A

-posteriorly & upward

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11
Q

CS facet joint is what type of joint?

A

-synovial joint with hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

Strengths & weaknesses of CS facet joint capsule?

A
  • strong anteriorly

- thin & weak posteriorly

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13
Q

How does the CS facet joint allow for translation?

A

-the joint becomes lax in neutral & extension

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14
Q

CS facet joint meniscoids

A

-vascular, fat-filled, intra-articular inclusions that consist of connective tissue & are innervated

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15
Q

CS facet joint meniscoids function

A

-space fillers

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16
Q

What are the CS facet joint meniscoids prone to?

A

-entrapment

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17
Q

What happens to the CS facet joints with age?

A

-atrophy & disappear

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18
Q

CS facet joint orientation

A

-45 degree angle to horizontal

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19
Q

What motion does the CS facet joint facilitate?

A

-rotation

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20
Q

CS facet joint capsular pattern

A

-extension > SB, rot; flexion not affected

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21
Q

In what position do the disc & facet joints in the CS bear equal vertical compressive forces?

A

-erect standing position

22
Q

Function of uncovertebral joints

A
  1. contain the posterolateral border of the IVD
  2. guide CS flexion & extension
  3. reduce SB of CS
  4. prevent posterior translation of neighboring vertebra
23
Q

Why is it thought that the uncovertebral joints wear out faster (5-7x) more than other joints?

A

-most likely due to additional loading on these joints associated with increased disc fissuring & loss of disc height & shear forces on the joint during vertical movement [usually not painful but will see crepitus & decreased ROM]

24
Q

innervation of ALL & PLL

A

-sinuvertebral nerve (anterior rami of C1-C6

25
CS deep layer muscles
1. rectus capitus posterior minor 2. rectus capitus posterior major 3. oblique capitus inferior 4. oblique capitus superior 5. transversospinalis
26
CS intermediate layer muscles
1. semispinalis capitus 2. semispinalis cervicis 3. intertransersarii 4. scalenes 5. splenius capitus 6. splenius cervicis 7. levator scapulae
27
CS superficial layer muscles
1. SCM | 2. upper trap
28
CS anterior muscles
1. rectus capitus lateralis 2. rectus capitus anterior minor 3. rectus capitus anterior major 4. longus cervicis/longus coli
29
Locations of where CS nerve roots exit the vertebrae
-8 cervical nerve roots each exiting above the vertebra which it is named for EXCEPT C8 which exits below C7
30
Anterior nerve compression at CS is caused by which structures?
-likely caused by protruding discs & osteophytes of the uncovertebral region
31
Posterior nerve compression at CS is caused by structures?
-likely caused by superior articular process, the ligamentum flavum
32
CS disc innervation
-sinuvertebral nerve (anterior rami C1-C6)
33
CS facet joint innervation
-dorsal cervical rami from C2-C8 and the sinuvertebral nerve
34
normal CS flexion range
0-(45-60) degrees
35
How do the vertebra & disc move during CS flexion?
- superior vertebra tilts anteriorly & glides superiorly over the vertebra below - ventral compression & dorsal distraction of disc
36
Limiters of CS flexion?
1. SS, IS, & PLL ligaments 2. ligamentum flavum 3. ligamentum nuchae 4. capsular ligaments 5. facet orientation 6. cervical extensor muscles
37
normal CS extension range
0-(60-80) degrees
38
How do the vertebra & disc move during CS extension?
- superior vertebra tilts posteriorly & glides inferiorly over the vertebra below - IVF narrows & spinous processes approximate
39
Does flexion or extension place the CS in the closed packed position?
-CS extension
40
Limiters of CS extension?
1. disc size 2. bony contact of spinous processes or facet & transverse processes 3. tension in facet joints 4. anterior annulus 5. anterior trunk muscles 6. ALL
41
normal CS rotation range
0-(50-70) degrees
42
Where is the fulcrum located during CS rotation?
-initial fulcrum is the disc until the facets close on side rotating toward & then those facets become the fulcrum
43
Movement of facets during CS rotation?
- facets glide inferiorly on the side rotating toward & superior on the opposite side - side rotating towards closes down & opposite side opens up
44
normal CS side bending range
0-(25-50) degrees
45
How do the CS structures move during CS side bending?
- superior vertebra tilts to the side you are side bending towards & glides inferiorly over vertebra below - facet on opposite side glides superiorly - annulus is compressed on concavity of curve & stretched on convexity - side bending towards closes down & opposite side opens up
46
Limiters of CS side bending
1. facets on the same side 2. passive tension in annulus 3. intertransverse ligaments & posterior trunk muscles
47
Coupled movements in CS
-generally SB & rotation are coupled IPSILATERAL but in extreme flexion, SB & rotation go opposite one another
48
combined movement in CS
-SB & rotation contralateral
49
Which segments in the CS have fairly equal SB/rotation?
C2-C4
50
Does lower or upper CS have more rotation and why?
-lower CS due to plane of facets
51
Which CS segments has the greatest mobility?
-C5-C6 usually has greatest mobility, least amount of resistance with movement

MSK 2 (16 decks)

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