Cervical cancer

Question 1

what is the incidence of cervical cancer

Answer 1

500,000 new cases per year

2nd most common cause of cancer in women

Question 2

risk groups for cervical cancer

Answer 2

Young (immature TZ)

Early age of first sexual intercourse

Multiple partners

Promiscuous male partners

History of sexually transmitted diseases

Smoking

Type of contraception

Screening history

Question 3

Screening intervals for 21-25

Answer 3

first invite

Question 4

Screening intervals for 25-30 year olds

Answer 4

ever 3 years

Question 5

Screening intervals50-64 year olds

Answer 5

every 5 years

Question 6

Screening intervals for 65 olds and above

Answer 6

if they haven’t been screened since 50.

if a recent smear showed abnormal findings

Question 7

what is a pap smear

Answer 7

Examination of exfoliating cells from the
transformation zone of the cervix microscopically for detection of
cancerous or precancerous lesions.

Question 8

what is Liquid-based cytology.

Answer 8

sample is collected, by a small brush, in the same
way as for a conventional smear test,

the sample is then
deposited into a small bottle of preservative liquid.

liquid is treated to remove other elements such
as mucus before a layer of cells is placed on a slide.

Question 9

CIN RANKING

Answer 9

benign

benign atypia

CIN 1 = low grade intraepithelial lesion/ betheda syst

CIN 2 = HIL

CIN 3 = HIL

CIS

INVASIVE CARCINOMA

Question 10

benign

Answer 10

w/in normal limits

return for yearly checkup

Question 11

benign atypia

Answer 11

unusual cells

usually d/2 infection

antibiotics

3 month check up

Question 12

CIN 1

Answer 12

low grade intraepithelial lesion

small amount of cancerous cells

colposcopy

cryosurgery
cauterization
conization

Question 13

CIN 2

Answer 13

high grade intraepithelial lesion

large amount of cancerous cells CONFINED to cervical surface

colposcopy

cryosurgery
cauterization
conization

Question 14

CIN 3

Answer 14

high grade intraepithelial lesion

large amount of cancerous cells CONFINED to cervical surface but more than CIN2

colposcopy

cryosurgery
cauterization
conization

Question 15

CIS

Answer 15

carcinoma in situ

high grade intraepithelial lesion

large amount of cancerous cells CONFINED to cervical surface but more than CIN2

colposcopy

cryosurgery
cauterization
conization

Question 16

invasive carcinoma

Answer 16

adenocarcinoma/ squamous cell carcinoma

cancer has spread deep into the cervix and potential metastasis

Question 17

etiology of cervical cancer

Answer 17

HPV
Low: 6, 11, 58, 59
High 16, 18, 31, 45

Question 18

most common cause of CIN3 and 70% of cervical cancer

Answer 18

HPV 16

causes invasive squamous carcinoma

Question 19

type pf cervical cancer caused by HPV 18

Answer 19

invasive adenocarcinoma

Question 20

sx ov CC

Answer 20

Blood spots or light bleeding between or following
periods

MENORHAGIA Menstrual bleeding that is longer and heavier than
usual

Bleeding after intercourse, douching, or a pelvic
examination

Increased vaginal discharge

Pain during sexual intercourse

Bleeding after menopause

Unexplained, persistent pelvic and/or back pain

Question 21

dg of CC

Answer 21

pap smear

pelvic rectal exam

colposcopy and biopsy

conization of cervic

CBC

chest xray. CT . MRI for metasteses

Question 22

what is a colposcopy

Answer 22

device used to look into the vagina

Question 23

how are abnormal cells detected on colposcopy

Answer 23

lugol’s soltn causes normal squamous cells to turn brown d/2 glycogen w/in their cells.

biopsy’s are taken from sites that dont stain

Question 24

CC findings in colposcopy

Answer 24

lekuoplakia

acetowhite area w/ sharp border

mosaicism

punctation

Question 25

types of cervical cancer presentation

Answer 25

endo vs exophytic

endo vs exocervical

Question 26

how does CC spread?

Answer 26

Direct extention – uterine body, vagina, parametria, bladder, rectum

Lymphatic spread

Hematogenous dissemination-

lungs, liver, bones

Question 27

how what dg methods are used for staging

Answer 27

PELVIC MRI

ABDOMINAL AND CXR

Question 28

rx of cervical cancer

Answer 28

Surgery

Cone biopsy

Radical trachylectomy = cervicectomy,

Radical hysterectomy

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy combined with
radical surgery

exenteration- removal of organs in pelvic cavity

Question 29

when is radiotherapy used in cervical cancer

Answer 29

pre op

post op in cases of poor prognosis

alternative to surgery

palliative care

Question 30

when is chemotherapy used in cervical cancer

Answer 30

palliative care

Question 31

type of radiation therapy used in cervical cancer

Answer 31

external beam from a machine

internal radiation therapy w. radioactive implants

Question 32

chemotherapeutic agents in cervical cancer

Answer 32

CISPLATIN

PACLITAXEL

TOPOTECAN

AVASTATIN

Question 33

SURGERY COMplications in cervical cancer

Answer 33

Acute complications

Fistula

Bladder dysfunction

Body image

Question 34

CHEMO and RADIO COM in cervical cancer

Answer 34

alopecia

radiation burns

vaginal stenosuis and inflamm

cystitis and colitis

fistuala betw/ bladder and bowel

Question 35

outcome of cervical cancer

Answer 35

Stage and 5 year survival 
1                     80%
2                    60%
3                    20%
4                    5%