Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biomechanics Exam 2 > Cervical Acceleration/Deceleration Injuries (Whiplash) > Flashcards

Cervical Acceleration/Deceleration Injuries (Whiplash) Flashcards

1
Q

Term described as a mechanism whereby the neck is whipped in one direction and recoils in the opposite direction.
(It is not a diagnostic term, nor does it give an indication of the structures injured.)

A

Whiplash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Whiplash

A

Term described as a mechanism whereby the neck is whipped in one direction and recoils in the opposite direction.
(It is not a diagnostic term, nor does it give an indication of the structures injured.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What other terms may be used in effort to replace “whiplash”?

A
  1. CAD (cervical acceleration/deceleration injury)
  2. Cervical strain/sprain
  3. Whiplash-associated Disorders (WADs)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What percentage of people involved in a rear ended accident experience a neck injury?

A

25-33%

1 million ppl/year

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Who is the most likely to get injured?

A

Females age 20-24

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the most important mechanism of injury?

A

patient position

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the 4 mechanisms of injury?

A
  1. direction of force
  2. patient’s position (most important*)
  3. Relationship of head and spine
  4. State of tension in neck muscles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

T/F: During whiplash for an object with multiple segments, the DISTAL END will move at a greater velocity than the proximal end?

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F: The more segments, the less the velocity of the distal end during whiplash.

A

F: The more segments, the GREATER the velocity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the likely sites of injury during whiplash? (6)

A
  1. Facet joints/joint capsules
  2. vertebral endplates
  3. spinal lig
  4. IVD’s
  5. Neck muscles
  6. vertebral arteries
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the 2 documented mechanisms of injury to facet joints during whiplash?

A
  1. pinching of synovial fluid

2. excessive strain of capsule

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Occurs when cervical vertebrae rotate about a higher center during whiplash than normal voluntary motion, resulting in a synovial fold being pinched on posterior side.

A

Pinching of the Synovial fluid (facet joint injuries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

This is observed and may be accompanied by inflammatory responses involving spinal cord.

A

Capsular Strain (Facet Joint injuries)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How much can the C/S withstand during compressive force?

A

approx 2N (450lbs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

With age, bone mass decreases. A 25% reduction in bone mass results in _____% decrease in strength.

A

50%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the first structure to fail when a subject to compressive loads?

A

vertebral endplate

17
Q

What ligaments are injured during rear impacts?

A

ALL- C3/C4-C7/T1 greatest risk

Alar & Transverse Lig - injuries more severe when head is turned.

18
Q

What disc is the most vulnerable during a lower speed rear impact?

A

C5-C6

19
Q

What ligaments are likely to injure during front impacts?

A

supraspinous, ligamentum nuchea, interspinous, ligamentum flavum

20
Q

What discs are at risk of injury during front impact?

A

C2/C3 -C7/T1 at risk

C5-C6 MOST vulnerable *

21
Q

What muscle is damaged during hyperextension?

A

SCM

22
Q

What muscle is damaged during hyper flexion?

A

Trapezius

23
Q

What has been implicated as an explanation for some of the symptoms seen in CAD injuries?

A

Vertebral A. Insufficiency

24
Q

With moderate trauma, intimal disruption occurs to what anatomical structure?

A

vertebral arteries

25
Q

Where are the vertebral arteries most susceptible to injury?

A
  1. posterior AO membrane
  2. space b/w occiput and posterior arch of atlas
  3. B/w lateral mass of C1 and TP of C2
26
Q

What does the 5 point grading system (Quebec Task Force) include?

A

WAD-0: no signs symptoms
WAD-1: complaints of pain, stiffness or tenderness but no physical signs are noted
WAD-2: Neck complaints and the examining physician finds decreased ROM and point tenderness in the neck
WAD-3: Neck complaints plus near signs such as decreased deep tendon reflexes, weakness and sensory deficits
WAD-4: fracture/dislocation or cord injury

27
Q

WAD-0

A

no signs symptoms

28
Q

WAD-1

A

complaints of pain, stiffness or tenderness but no physical signs are noted

29
Q

WAD-2

A

Neck complaints and the examining physician finds decreased ROM and point tenderness in the neck

30
Q

WAD-3

A

Neck complaints plus near signs such as decreased deep tendon reflexes, weakness and sensory deficits

31
Q

WAD-4

A

fracture/dislocation or cord injury

32
Q

What are the most common clinical presentations of whiplash?

A
  1. Neck pain
  2. Headache
  3. Blurred Vision
  4. Tinnitus
  5. Dizziness
  6. Nausea
  7. Paresthesis
  8. Numbness
  9. Back Pain
  10. Concussion
  11. Subdural hematoma
33
Q

In 1958 who reported a number of seemingly bizarre symptoms that appeared to be precipitated y whiplash injury?

A

Ruth Jackson

34
Q

Symptoms such as: blurred vision, pupil dilation, vertigo, tinnitus, auditory disturbances, and headache are seen during what syndrome?

A

Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome due to/

A

in part, occlusion of the vertebral arteries

36
Q

Besides occlusion of the ventrebal arteries, what can produce similar symptoms of Posterior Cervical Sympathetic Syndrome?

A

root sleeve defects at C3-C4, where the C4 nerve root communicates with the superior cervical ganglion of the sympathetic chain through a branch of the postganglionic fibers

37
Q

If extension and rotation produce any symptoms (blurred vision, pupil dilation, vertigo, tinnitus, auditory disturbances, and headache) what is advised when performing an adjustment?

A

CAUTION against performing adjusting in an extension and rotation position

38
Q

T/F: Cervical adjustments of post-whiplash subluxation syndromes may relieve the characteristic signs and symptoms.

A

True: Chiropractic Rules! :)

39
Q

What are the Prognostic Factors of whiplash injury?

A
  1. Severity of the injury
  2. Position of the head at time of impact
  3. gender
  4. age
  5. lower education
  6. passive coping strategies
  7. poor mental health
  8. low pain tolerance

Biomechanics Exam 2 (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions