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Biomechanics Exam 2 > Biomechanics of the Thoracic Spine > Flashcards

Biomechanics of the Thoracic Spine Flashcards

1
Q

The thoracic spine was thought to be designed for what?

A

rigidity

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2
Q

Protection of the thoracic viscera takes precedence over what in the thoracic spine?

A

intersegmental spinal mobility

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3
Q

What is the least mobile part of the spine column?

A

Thoracic

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4
Q

The thoracics serve as what what between the cervical and lumbar spines?

A

transition area

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5
Q

The upper thoracic tends to resemble?

A

cervical spine

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6
Q

The lower thoracic tends to resemble?

A

Lumbar spine

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7
Q

What articulations makes the thoracics unique?

A

ribs

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8
Q

The thoracic spine is prone to what 2 things?

A
  1. chronic postural problems

2. myofasical pain syndromes

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9
Q

Biomechanics changes in the thoracic spine may result in effects to what ?

A

sympathetic NS (T1-L2)

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10
Q

What is unique about the anatomy of the spinous process in the thoracics?

A
  1. longer and slender
  2. point obliquely downward
  3. overlap in the mid thoracic spine
  4. LIMIT EXTENSION
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11
Q

What is unique about the anatomy of the transverse process in the thoracic spine?

A
  1. thick, strong, and relatively long

2. concave facet on the anterior side

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12
Q

What is the facet orientation of the thoracic spine?

A 
Fairly steep
60 degrees 
20 degree Y axis rotation from frontal plane 
Inferior articular processes - AIM
Superior articular processes - PSL
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13
Q

IVDs in the thoracic spine are comparatively ________?

A

thin

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14
Q

What is the disc height-to-body height ratio of the thoracics?

A

1:5 (smallest spinal ratio; contributes to the least flexibility in the spine)

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15
Q

Where is the nucleus of the thoracics located within the annulus compared to other regions of the spine?

A

more centrally located

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16
Q

The kyphotic curve of the thoracic spine is less than?

What is the average?

A

55 degree

average 45 degrees

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17
Q

How is the primary structural curve of the thoracic spine maintained?

A

By the wedge-shaped vertebral bodies (~2mm higher post)

Curve extends from T1-12 with the T6-7 as the apex

18
Q

What range of motion is limited the most in the thoracic spine due to impaction of the articular processes and spinous processes?

A

Extension (øx)

19
Q

What is the primary movement of the thoracic spine?

A

Lateral Bending Coupled with Axial Rotation

20
Q

Rotation and lateral bending demonstrates nearly equal movement, with each exhibiting nearly twice as much movement as ?

A

flexion and extension

21
Q

Lateral bending (øz) in the thoracic spine is always coupled with with rotation?

A

axial rotation (øy)

most apparent in the upper thoracic

22
Q

What is the couple pattern at the T1-4?

A

spinous process to contralateral side (like cervical spine)

23
Q

What is the couple pattern at T5-T8?

A

spinous towards either the contralateral or ipsilateral side

24
Q

What is the couple pattern at T9-T12?

A

spinous more to ipsilateral side (more likely to follow lumbar spine)

25
Q

Thoracic Flexion/Extension Coupled Movement

A

Thoracic flexion and extension (øx) combine with slight

+/-Z translation

26
Q

When walking, where is the greatest rotation observed?

A

middle thoracics

27
Q

How does the rib cage play a role in spinal stability?

A

stiffness of the thoracic spine is greatly enhanced by the rib cage, especially extension

28
Q

The rib cage increases Y axis stability during compression by how much?

A

4X

29
Q

Joints that connect the heads of the ribs to the vertebral body

A

costovertebral joints

30
Q

joints that connect the necks and the tubercles of the ribs with the transverse processes

A

costotransverse joints

31
Q

What ribs articulate with a single vertebral body?

A

1 & 10-12

32
Q

What rib heads also articulate with adjacent vertebral bodies?

A

2-9

33
Q

A facet on the posterior tubercle of the ribs and a corresponding facet on ribs 1-10 form what type of articulations?

A

Costotransverse articulations

34
Q

What ribs do not have costotransverse articulations?

A

11 & 12

35
Q

What ribs connect to the sternum directly via costal cartilage?

A

1-7

36
Q

What ribs attach indirectly to the sternum via shared costal cartilage?

A

8-10

37
Q

What are the free floating ribs with no anterior attachment?

A

11 &12

38
Q

Where is the thoracocervical junction?

A

C6-T3

39
Q

What is the significance of the thoracocervical junction (C6-T3)?

A

movements are decreased, but the coupled movements are the same as for the typical cervical region

40
Q

T/F: The thoracocervical junction has been deemed an easy area to adjust.

A

F; it is deemed difficult to adjust due to structural characteristics for transition from the most mobile area of the spine to the least mobile area, as well as the external characteristics of the distribution of body fat (dowager hump) and the shoulder and scapular muscles.

41
Q

Where is the thoracocolumbar junction?

A

T10-L1

42
Q

What is the most significant structural characteristic of the thoracolumbar junction (T10-L1)?

A

the change from coronal facet plane in the T-spine to the sagittal plane facets in the L-spine (typically occurs at T11-12)

Biomechanics Exam 2 (8 decks)

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