CEREBRUM CLINICAL

Question 1

Where is the lesion:

constructional apraxia (inability to construct or to draw figures and shapes),

dressing apraxia,

denial of the left side of the body (denial that their left side is part of their body),

and hemineglect (visual and spatial neglect of the left side of their space, including their own body parts).

Idiographic(pictographic) language (Japanese Kanji) may be processed by the right hemisphere because of its pictorial features.

Answer 1

Right hemisphere

Question 2

_____ is a nonvolitional state in which the patient does not attempt to initiate speech.

Answer 2

Mutism

Question 3

______ is a condition in which no articulation occurs due to a central motor deficit.

Answer 3

Aphemia

Question 4

_______ is an imprecisely defined condition of impaired articulation of speech in which speech is phonetically and prosodically awkward compared to dysarthric speech.

Answer 4

Speech apraxia

Question 5

________is the inability to perform skilled, learned, purposeful motor acts correctly despite intact relevant motor and sensory neural structures, attention, and comprehension

Answer 5

Apraxia

Question 6

_________ is the inability to carry out, on verbal command, an activity that can be performed perfectly well spontaneously.

Answer 6

Ideomotor apraxia

Question 7

three clinical varieties of ideomotor apraxia have been recognized:

Answer 7

parietal, in which the lesion is in the anteroinferior parietal lobe of the dominant hemisphere;

sympathetic, in which the lesion is in the left premotor area;

and callosal, in which the lesion is in the anterior part of the corpus callosum.

Question 8

_____is an abnormality in the conception of movement so that the patient may have difficulty sequencing the different components of a complex motor act

Answer 8

Ideational apraxia

Question 9

The lesion in ideational apraxia is in the dominant t___________

Answer 9

emporoparietooccipital area.

Question 10

___________is the inability of the individual to put together or articulate component parts to form a single shape or figure, such as assembling blocks to form a design or drawing four lines to form a shape

Answer 10

Visuoconstructive apraxia, also known as constructional apraxia,

Question 11

lesions of Visuoconstructive apraxia, also known as constructional apraxia,

Answer 11

left (dominant) posterior parietal area.

Question 12

Acquired alexia is of two types:

Answer 12

pure alexia (alexia without agraphia, pure word blindness): left primary visual area coupled with an other lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum

alexia with agraphia (parietal alexia): dominant angular gyrus,

Question 13

_______is the inability of the individual to recognize perceived sensory information.

Answer 13

Agnosia

Question 14

The disconnection of the right from the left hemisphere by lesions in the corpus callosum results in the isolation of each hemisphere in such a way that each has its own learning processes and memories that are inaccessible to the other hemisphere

Answer 14

CALLOSAL SYNDROME

Question 15

CALLOSAL SYNDROME effects

Answer 15

1. Visual Effects
2. Hemialexia: Patients are unable to read material presented in the left hemifield.
3. Unilateral (Left) Ideomotor Apraxia
4. Unilateral (Left) Agraphia
5. Unilateral (Left) Tactile Anomia

Question 16

The verbal command is adequately received by the left (dominant) hemisphere but, because of the callosal disconnection, cannot reach the right hemisphere, which controls left hand movement (Figure 18-3).

Answer 16

Unilateral (Left) Ideomotor Apraxia

Question 17

The object placed in the left hand is perceived correctly in the right somatosensory cortex but cannot be identified because of the callosal lesion that disconnects the right parietal cortex from the left (dominant) hemisphere (

Answer 17

Unilateral (Left) Tactile Anomia

Question 18

The syndrome is characterized by a conglomerate of signs and symptoms that include impairments in decision making, ability to plan, social judgment, conduct, modulation of affect and of emotional response, and creativity. Such patients lose spontaneity in motor as well as mental activities

Answer 18

PREFRONTAL LOBE SYNDROME

Question 19

Patients with prefrontal lobe syndrome exhibit inappropriate repetitive motor or speech behavior ________ because of their inability to disengage from a behavior that is no longer useful.

Answer 19

(perseveration)

Question 20

Two types of grasp phenomena have been described:

Answer 20

(1) the grasp reflex : pathology in the basal ganglia, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and parietooccipital region

and (2) the instinctive grasp reaction: is usually ipsilateral to the focal cerebral lesion and is seen more often with retrorolandic lesions of the right hemisphere

Question 21

a rare prefrontal lobe syndrome characterized by involuntary, irrepressible behavior of searching, collecting, and storing that is goal-directed and item-selective.

Answer 21

FORCED COLLECTIONISM

Question 22

It is characterized by a triad of (1) simultanagnosia,

(2) optic ataxia: inability to reach for objects under visual guidance
(3) ocular apraxia: inability to direct gaze voluntarily to visual targets

Answer 22

BALINT’S SYNDROME

Question 23

This is seen most often with lesions of the nondominant (right) parietal lobe, with unawareness of deficits of the left side of the body.

Answer 23

ANOSOGNOSIA (DENIAL SYNDROME, ANTON-BABINSKI SYNDROME)

Question 24

(1) blunted affect with apathy,
(2) psychic blindness or visual agnosia with inability to distinguish between friends, relatives, and strangers,
(3) hypermetamorphosis with a marked tendency to take notice and attend to fine and minute visual stimuli,
(4) hyperorality, placing all items in the mouth,
(5) bulimia or unusual dietary habits, and
(6) alteration in sexual behavior (hypersexuality, sexual libertarianism).

Answer 24

KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME

Question 25

characterized by the unwilled and uncontrolled actions of an upper limb on either the dominant or nondominant side.

Answer 25

THE ALIEN HAND (LIMB) SYNDROME

Question 26

Two forms of alien hand exist:

Answer 26

(1) an acute, transient condition in the non-dominant hand due to callosal lesion and (2) a chronic condition resulting from additional medial frontal lesions involving the supplementary motor area