CEREBRUM CLINICAL Flashcards
Where is the lesion:
constructional apraxia (inability to construct or to draw figures and shapes),
dressing apraxia,
denial of the left side of the body (denial that their left side is part of their body),
and hemineglect (visual and spatial neglect of the left side of their space, including their own body parts).
Idiographic(pictographic) language (Japanese Kanji) may be processed by the right hemisphere because of its pictorial features.
Right hemisphere
_____ is a nonvolitional state in which the patient does not attempt to initiate speech.
Mutism
______ is a condition in which no articulation occurs due to a central motor deficit.
Aphemia
_______ is an imprecisely defined condition of impaired articulation of speech in which speech is phonetically and prosodically awkward compared to dysarthric speech.
Speech apraxia
________is the inability to perform skilled, learned, purposeful motor acts correctly despite intact relevant motor and sensory neural structures, attention, and comprehension
Apraxia
_________ is the inability to carry out, on verbal command, an activity that can be performed perfectly well spontaneously.
Ideomotor apraxia
three clinical varieties of ideomotor apraxia have been recognized:
parietal, in which the lesion is in the anteroinferior parietal lobe of the dominant hemisphere;
sympathetic, in which the lesion is in the left premotor area;
and callosal, in which the lesion is in the anterior part of the corpus callosum.
_____is an abnormality in the conception of movement so that the patient may have difficulty sequencing the different components of a complex motor act
Ideational apraxia
The lesion in ideational apraxia is in the dominant t___________
emporoparietooccipital area.
___________is the inability of the individual to put together or articulate component parts to form a single shape or figure, such as assembling blocks to form a design or drawing four lines to form a shape
Visuoconstructive apraxia, also known as constructional apraxia,
lesions of Visuoconstructive apraxia, also known as constructional apraxia,
left (dominant) posterior parietal area.
Acquired alexia is of two types:
pure alexia (alexia without agraphia, pure word blindness): left primary visual area coupled with an other lesion in the splenium of the corpus callosum
alexia with agraphia (parietal alexia): dominant angular gyrus,
_______is the inability of the individual to recognize perceived sensory information.
Agnosia
The disconnection of the right from the left hemisphere by lesions in the corpus callosum results in the isolation of each hemisphere in such a way that each has its own learning processes and memories that are inaccessible to the other hemisphere
CALLOSAL SYNDROME
CALLOSAL SYNDROME effects
- Visual Effects
- Hemialexia: Patients are unable to read material presented in the left hemifield.
- Unilateral (Left) Ideomotor Apraxia
- Unilateral (Left) Agraphia
- Unilateral (Left) Tactile Anomia
The verbal command is adequately received by the left (dominant) hemisphere but, because of the callosal disconnection, cannot reach the right hemisphere, which controls left hand movement (Figure 18-3).
Unilateral (Left) Ideomotor Apraxia
The object placed in the left hand is perceived correctly in the right somatosensory cortex but cannot be identified because of the callosal lesion that disconnects the right parietal cortex from the left (dominant) hemisphere (
Unilateral (Left) Tactile Anomia
The syndrome is characterized by a conglomerate of signs and symptoms that include impairments in decision making, ability to plan, social judgment, conduct, modulation of affect and of emotional response, and creativity. Such patients lose spontaneity in motor as well as mental activities
PREFRONTAL LOBE SYNDROME
Patients with prefrontal lobe syndrome exhibit inappropriate repetitive motor or speech behavior ________ because of their inability to disengage from a behavior that is no longer useful.
(perseveration)
Two types of grasp phenomena have been described:
(1) the grasp reflex : pathology in the basal ganglia, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and parietooccipital region
and (2) the instinctive grasp reaction: is usually ipsilateral to the focal cerebral lesion and is seen more often with retrorolandic lesions of the right hemisphere
a rare prefrontal lobe syndrome characterized by involuntary, irrepressible behavior of searching, collecting, and storing that is goal-directed and item-selective.
FORCED COLLECTIONISM
It is characterized by a triad of (1) simultanagnosia,
(2) optic ataxia: inability to reach for objects under visual guidance
(3) ocular apraxia: inability to direct gaze voluntarily to visual targets
BALINT’S SYNDROME
This is seen most often with lesions of the nondominant (right) parietal lobe, with unawareness of deficits of the left side of the body.
ANOSOGNOSIA (DENIAL SYNDROME, ANTON-BABINSKI SYNDROME)
(1) blunted affect with apathy,
(2) psychic blindness or visual agnosia with inability to distinguish between friends, relatives, and strangers,
(3) hypermetamorphosis with a marked tendency to take notice and attend to fine and minute visual stimuli,
(4) hyperorality, placing all items in the mouth,
(5) bulimia or unusual dietary habits, and
(6) alteration in sexual behavior (hypersexuality, sexual libertarianism).
KLUVER-BUCY SYNDROME
characterized by the unwilled and uncontrolled actions of an upper limb on either the dominant or nondominant side.
THE ALIEN HAND (LIMB) SYNDROME
Two forms of alien hand exist:
(1) an acute, transient condition in the non-dominant hand due to callosal lesion and (2) a chronic condition resulting from additional medial frontal lesions involving the supplementary motor area
