Cerebrum

Question 1

Sulcus

Answer 1

1) limiting - divide two different working area
- central sulcus divide motor and sensory

2) axil - divide same working part
- Posterior part of calcarine sulcus - visual cortex

3) Operculated
- same like limiting but have center in lips
- lunate sulcus, Seperate 17, 19 and have 18 in lips

4) complete - deep leaving depression on lateral ventricle
- Anterior part of calcarine sulcus in Posterior horn of lateral ventricle.
- collateral sulcus - eminence in inferior horn of lateral ventricle

Question 2

Motor Area

Answer 2

1) Fronta lobe - infront of cental sulcus
- Area 4 pre central gyrus - 1st motor area
- Area 6 posterior part superior frontal gyrus - premotor area - suppres primitive reflex in speech (also in Posterior part of middle and inferior)
- Area 8 - Posterior part of middle frontal gyrus (Anterior to precentral area) - frontal eye field
- area 44,45 - Inferior frontal gyrus - broca’s area - motor area of speech
- prefrontal gyrus - strongly associated with limbic system.
Function - executive function, personality, planning and organizing, complex behavior.

2) Parital lobe
- Area 3,1,2 - post sensory gyrus - 1st sensory area
- Area 5,7 - Superior parital lobe sensory associate area.
- - inferior parital lobe - coordination of hand and eye movements
> Inferior parital lobe is divided into two part
—⟩ supra marginal gyrus - praxis - ability to perform voluntary skilled movements.
- partial or complete inability to do so in the absence of primary sensory or motor impairment is known as apraxia ( lesion in supra marginal gyrus.
—⟩ Angular gyrus - gnosis - ability to recognise object by touch, vision r sounds.

3) occipital lobe
- Area 17 - visual area - wall and floor of Posterior part around calcarine sulcus
- area 18, 19 - visual associated cortex - remaining occipital lobe

4) temporal lobe
- Area 41 and 42 - antero superior surface of superior temporal - auditory area (heschl’ gyrus)
- Area 22 : Posterior part of superior temporal - wernicke’s area

Gyrus in midial side - From front to back
Subcallosal gyrus —⟩ Superior frontal gyrus —⟩ para central gyrus —⟩ precuneus gyrus —⟩ cuneus gyrus —⟩ lingual gyrus
Cingulate gyrus - around corpus callosum.

• para central lobe = LL and perineum are represented here. Highest centre of micturition.

Question 3

Frontal eye field

Answer 3

• it deviate eyes to opposite side.
• FEF connected to contralateral para pontine reticular formation
• PPRF is attached to I/l 6th nerve which cause
  ≥ I/l lateral rectus
  ≥ innervates c/l 3rd CN vs MLF and supply C/l medial rectus to deviate eyes to opposite side?

Lesion in RT FEF - not able to deviate eyes to left side.
- eyes deviate to side of lession.

Question 4

One and half syndrome

Answer 4

PPRF and MLF is affected

• Left PPRF —⟩ left lateral rectus —⟩ Rt medial rectus
• Left MLF —⟩ left medial rectus
• only rt lateral rectus is intact
• Rt side abduction is normal
• c/l abduction is normal.

Question 5

Lesion in dominant parietal lobe

Answer 5

• inability to calculate (acalculia)
• inability to write (dysgraphia or agraphia)
• inability to identify ones finger
• inability to make distinction between rt and lt side.

Question 6

Cingulate gyrus

2) para hippocampus gyrus (and uncus of parahippocampus gyrus)
3) Hippocampus
4) insula

Answer 6

Part of limbic system
Connect sensory input to emotional
- emotional response to pain.
Regulations of aggressive behaviour
Maternal Bonding
Decision making.

Lesion

• pt struggle to connect certain emotions with action.
• do not realise that their actions can hurt person.

2) olfactory - Area 28
3) sea horse
- short term memory transfer to long term to neocortex
- lesion = loss in episodic memory.

4) it lies between frontal and temporal lobe
- cortex is not entirely agranular
- Posterior part is granular
- forms base of Sylvia cistern
- recieve somatosensory, viscerosensory, homeostasis, nociception and from thalamus.
- planning articulating movement for speech.

Question 7

Homunculus

Answer 7

In brain area are represented in the inverted manner. Depending on skills
Medial side - lower limb and perineum
Lateral side - upper limb and face. (By middle cerebral artery)
Largest for hand and lips (by Anterior cerebral artery)

Question 8

Speech

Answer 8

Recieve word as symbol —⟩ wernicke’s area —⟩ angular gyrus —⟩ recognition —⟩ wernicke’s —⟩ arcuate fasciculus —⟩ broca’s area

For repitition of word - Area 22, 44, 45 should be normal and connect to each other’s.

Broca aphasia

• comprehension normal
• Fluency - telegraphic speech,one word
• Repetition - affected

Wernicke’s aphasia

• comprehension and Repetition affected
• fluency is normal

Conduction (arcuate fasciculus) aphasia

• repitition affected
• comprehension and fluency is normal

Angular gyrus (nominal aphasia)
- comprehension , repitition , fluency is normal
Difficulty in word finding.

Jagon aphasia - random word without meaning
- due to damage in wernicke’s

Paraphasia

• pt use another word instead of indented
• in conduction and wernicke’s.