Basal Ganglion

Question 1

Basal ganglia

Answer 1

Divided by internal capsule into caudate nucleus and lentiform nucleus.
Connected across the Anterior limb of internal capsule = corpus striatum

Corpus striatum include

• caudate nucleus
• putamen
• globus pallidus - paleostraiatum / pallidus

PUTAMAN AND CAUDATE NUCLEUS - NEOSTRAIATUM

Corpus striatum - structural components
Functional components - substantia nigra and subthalamus.

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Question 2

Caudate nucleus

Answer 2

Relation
Head - floor of lateral ventricle
Body - floor of central part of lateral ventricle
Tail - roof of inferior horn of lateral ventricle

Question 3

Lentiform nucleus

Answer 3

Lens shape
Medially - internal capsule
Lateral - external capsule

Internal medullary Lamina divide putamen and globus pallidus
External medullary Lamina divide globus pallidus internus and externus

Globus internus is homogeneous to pars reticularis of substatia nigra - carries output from basal ganglion

Question 4

Substantia nigra

2) structure from medial to lateral

Answer 4

Between tegmentum and crux Cerebri
Melanie which is precursor of dopamine
Dopamine goes to corpus striatum via nigrostriatal pathway.

2) 3rd Ventricle, thalamus and caudate nucleus, internal capsule, globus pallidus internus, interal medulla lamina, globus pallidus externus, external medullary Lamina, putamen, external capsule, claustrum, extreme capsule, insula.

Question 5

Pathway

Answer 5

Function of basal ganglion - planning and programming movement. Convert abstract thinking to action.
Direct pathway - stimulate
Indirect - inhibits

Neurotransmitter

• GABA - inhibitory - corpus striatum
• glutamate - excitatory - thalamus, subthalamus, cerebral

Direct pathway

Cerebrum —⟩ release glutamate —⟩ Neostraiatum —⟩ release GABA —⟩ inhibition of globus internus —⟩ no secretion of GABA —⟩ Thalamus stayed excited and secret glutamate that excited cerebrum.

Indirect pathway
Cerebrum —⟩ release glutamate —⟩ Neostraiatum —⟩ GABA —⟩ globus externus is inhibited —⟩ no release of GABA from globus internus —⟩ subthalamus stay excitatory —⟩ glutamate release —⟩ globus internus —⟩ GABA release —⟩ Thalamus Inhibition —⟩ no glutamate release for excitation of cerebrum.

Dopamine act via two receptor
D1 - involvement of direct pathway
D2 - involvement of indirect pathway

Putamen secret Ach. WHICH is antagonists of dopamine.
Ach. Worsen the condition of Parkinson’s

Question 6

Lesion of basal ganglion

2) Wilson disease

Answer 6

1) Globus pallidus - athetosis = writing like movement of hand, arm, neck and face.
2) putamen and caudate - chorea - flicking movement of hands, arm, face , shoulder - dance like
Sydenham’s chorea in rheumatic fever due to destruction of D2 in Neostraiatum
3) substatia nigra - Parkinson’s disease
Hemiballismus lesion of subthalamus cause sudden violent movement of entire arm

2) Wilson's disease
Due to copper disposition in lentiform nucleus
Histology - Wilson's pencil
Wing beat tremor
Cirrhosis
KF rings, sunflower cataract

Question 7

Limbic system

Answer 7

For emotional and long term memory
Between cerebral cortex and hypothalamus
- cingulate gyrus
- parahippocampus gyrus
- Subcallosal gyrus
- hippocampus
- dentate gyrus
- amygdala
- mamillary body
- Anterior thalamic nuclei

Question 8

Blood supply to basal ganglion

Answer 8

Medial striate Artery
Lateral striate artery
Ant. Choroid Artery
Post. Choroidal artery
Thalamogeniculate artery- branch of PCA supplies postero inferior part of lentiform complex.