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Virtuous AI > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

thalamus

A
  • relays sensory signals
  • consciousness
  • sleep
  • alertness
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2
Q

cerebral cortex

A
  • 1.3 pound covering of cerebrum
  • covers 40% of brain
  • contains 85-100+ billion neurons
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3
Q

neocortex

A

high-order brain functions such as

  1. sensory perception
  2. cognition
  3. generation of motor commands
  4. spatial reasoning
  5. language
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4
Q

neocortex lobes

A
  1. frontal
  2. temporal
  3. parietal
  4. occipital
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5
Q

damage to frontal lobe

A
  1. disinhibition
  2. deficits
    1. concentration
    2. orientation
    3. judgement
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6
Q

premotor cortex (6, 8)

A
  • SMA (6) and PMA (8) contribute axons to descending motor pathways
  • provide input to area 4 (ie – prep for swing)
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7
Q

primary motor cortex (4)

A
  • located in precentral gyrus
  • initiates skilled, delicate and voluntary movements
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8
Q

prefrontal cortex (9, 10, 25, 46)

A
  • regulatory of depth of feeling (ecstasy, gloom, disagreeableness)
  • goal direction
  • pain
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9
Q

anterior association area (10)

A
  • which includes prefrontal cortex rostral to the precentral gyrus
  • associated with planning movement
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10
Q

parietal lobe

A
  • perception
  • sensation
  • integrating sensory input with the visual system
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11
Q

primary somatosensory cortex

A
  • includes the post central gyrus (3) and its medial extension in the paracental gyrus (1 and 2)
  • recieves input from thalamus
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12
Q

temporal lobe

A
  • derive meanings for the appropriate retention of emotions
  • visual memory
  • language comprehension
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13
Q

total anterograde amnesia

A
  • removal of medial temporal regions (amygdala and hippocampus)
  • inability to form new declarative memory
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14
Q

amygdala

A
  • establishes associations to events
  • correlates information from different modalities
  • intermediates between sensory systems and emotions
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15
Q

hippocampus

A
  • central for the formation and consolidation of declarative memories
  • registers cognitive info
  • linkage to neocortex envisioned as being involved in the dynamics of memory (via gene protein synthesis)
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16
Q

non-declarative (procedural) memory

A
  • recalled unconsciously
  • involves acquired skill associations
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17
Q

auditory cortex (22, 41, 42)

A
  • primary (41, 42) detects changes in pattern and in the location of the source of a sound
  • 5+ auditory regions in 22 of temporal lobe necessary for interpreting sounds
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18
Q

wernickes area (22)

A
  • temporal lobe
  • words to be spoken originate and are generated here
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19
Q

brocas area (44, 45)

A
  • temporal lobe
  • coordinated program for vocalization formed here
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20
Q

gerstmann’s syndrome

A
  • parietal lobe
  1. difficulty with writing (agraphia)
  2. difficulty with mathematics (acalculia)
  3. finger agnosia
  4. left-right disorientation
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21
Q

aphasia

A

disruption of language or speech

22
Q

agnosia

A

inability to recognize or to be aware of an object when using a given sense

23
Q

receptive aphasia

A
  • Wernickes
  • nonsensical speech and comprehension inability
  • unaware of these problems
24
Q

expressive aphasia

A
  • Brocas
  • failure in the formulation of speech, which becomes labored, slow, and poorly articulated
  • aware of problems
25
Q

auditoria agnosia

A
  • unimpaired hearing
  • inability to recognize familiar sounds, music, and words
26
Q

multimodal areas

A
  1. posterior association area
  2. anterior association area
  3. limbic area
27
Q

posterior association area

A
  • located at the margins of the parietal, temporal and occipital cortices
  • processes language
28
Q

limbic area

A
  • surrounds the corpus callosum and diencephalon on the medial surface
  • associated with memory and emotion
29
Q

orbitofrontal-ventromedial prefrontal cortex (11, 12, 25)

A
  • frontal lobe
  • emotional processing of moral decisions
  • monitors motivation and intentions
30
Q

ventromedial prefrontal cortex

A
  • encodes emotional value of sensory stimulus
  • envolved in emotional processing
  • allows adherence to social norms
31
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (46)

A
  • frontal lobe
  • acts as a moral filter
  • problem-solving
  • evaluates using rule based knownledge
  • critical role in utilitarian reasoning
  • crimes and punishment
  • activated during lying
32
Q

cingulate cortex (23, 24, 31, 32, 33, 34)

A
  • frontal lobe
  • anterior: mediates the conflict between emotional and rational components of moral reasoning
  • posterior: related to emotion and social ability
33
Q

amygdala

A
  • subcortical
  • affective judgements about emotional value of action
  • processing moral emotions
34
Q

thalamus

A
  • subcortical
  • cooperativeness
  • altruism
35
Q

septum

A
  • subcortical
  • empathy
  • altruism
36
Q

nucleus accumbens

A
  • subcortical
  • cooperativeness
  • altruism
  • impulsivity
37
Q

posterior hypothalamus

A
  • subcortical
  • impulse control
  • regulation of aggressively
38
Q

subthalamic nucleus

A
  • subcortical
  • evaluation of conflictual moral decisions
39
Q

inferior and superior parietal lobe

A
  • parietal
  • cognitive control
  • working memory
40
Q

insula

A
  • insula
  • emotional processing
  • perception of inequity
  • emotional intelligence
41
Q

temporal superior gyrus and superior temporal sulcus

A
  • temporal lobe
  • elaboration of intentionality
  • social complexity of moral acts
42
Q

anteriorimiddle temporal lobe

A
  • temporal lobe
  • cognitive processing
  • working memory
43
Q

angular gyrus

A
  • temporal lobe
  • activated during various moral judgement tasks
44
Q

temporo-parietal junction

A
  • temporal lobe
  • moral intuition
  • spontaneous attention directed towards morally salient cues
  • ability to understand other peoples thoughts
45
Q

hippocampus

A
  • temporal lobe
  • monitoring
  • controlling aggressive behavior
46
Q

myth of moral brain (opinion)

A
  • philosophy, biology, theology and clinical psychology as opposed to biomedical alone
  • fails to adequately model
  • realistic versus fantastical enhancements
  • mans fate does not lie in biology
  • pharmaceuticals, neurostimulation and genetics unsuitable
  • treat case-by-case
47
Q

superior temporal sulcus

A
  • associates w/ emotion
  • activates during elaboration of moral dilemma
48
Q

anterior/middle temporal gyrus

A
  • activated after decision
  • particularly when utilitarian response
49
Q

cerebral cortex image

A
50
Q

moral brain

A

Virtuous AI (12 decks)

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