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Anatomy Final > Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

The _______ has roles in language, abstract thinking, adaptation to environment…

A

Cerebral cortex

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2
Q

_____ makes up most of cortex, 95% total cortex in humans.

A

Neocortex (6 layers)

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3
Q

The 6 layers (not including the neocortex) of the the cortex are divided into 2 groups, what are they?

A 
Paleocortex = base of brain. 3 layers
Archicortex = most of hippocampus. 3 layers
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4
Q

What is the most prevalent type of neuron?

A

The pyramidal cell

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5
Q

Describe Pyramidal cells…

A

Have long axons to other cortical area and subcortical sites

  • excitatory (glutamate) synapses
  • Have dendritic spines
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6
Q

Where is the preferential site of excitatory synapses?

A

Dendritic spines

* some Forms of intellectual disability may be associated with poor spine development (Autism, Fragile X syndrome)

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7
Q

What is a non pyramidal cell?

A

All cortical neuron that are not pyramidal cells….No kidding.

  • diverse
  • tend to have short axons that remain in cortex.
  • most make inhibitory (GABA) synapses
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8
Q

What are the 6 layers of the Neocortex from top to bottom?

A
  1. molecular layer
  2. External granular layer
  3. Internal granular layer
  4. External pyramidal layer
  5. Internal pyramidal layer
  6. Multiform layer.
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9
Q

_____ cortex has fewer projections.

A

Granular

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10
Q

Areas that send off long axons would have more of what type of cells?

A

Pyramidal cells

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11
Q

True or Flase. The primary sensory area has lots of pyramidal cells

A

False, the primary sensory is nearby cortex so no need for long axons of pyramidal cells.

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12
Q

Granular and agranular cortex is _______ distributed.

A

Irregularly

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13
Q

What are the regions of the Neocortex?

A
  • Primary sensory areas = receives info from thalamic sensory really nuclei.
  • Primary Motor areas = Areas that give rise to much of corticospinal tract
  • Association areas
  • Limbic Areas
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14
Q

Describe the Sensory areas of the Neocortex…

A
  • Have a topographical organization where the body surface, range of frequencies, visual world are mapped out on cortical surface.
  • Map is distorted so that highly sensitive areas (fingers) have disproportionately large cortical representation.
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15
Q

Where is the Gustatory cortex?

A

Frontal lobe (operculum) and Insula

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16
Q

Where is vestibular cortex?

A

Superior temporal gyrus and posterior Gyrus & insula.

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17
Q

Is the Primary olfactory cortex paleocortical or neocortical?

A

Paleocortical

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18
Q

The Olfactory cortex consist of what structures?

A
  • Cortex near lateral olfactory tract aka. piriform cortex
  • Cortex covering amygdala (periamygdala)
  • Small part of parahippocampal gyrus
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19
Q

_______ mediate higher function mental functions such as Language, art, music etc.

A

Association Areas

20
Q

What are the two types of association areas?

A
  1. Unimodal association cortex = adjacent to primary area & is devoted to elaborating on business of primary area.
  2. Multimodal association cortex = High level intellectual functions.
21
Q

What is the dominant hemisphere?

A

Hemisphere that produces and comprehends language.

22
Q

Which side dominance is rare?

A

Right hemisphere is rare, most people are left dominance.

23
Q

What is the Planum Temporale?

A

Part of superior temporal gyrus post. to primary auditory cortex.

24
Q

What are the Perisylvian language areas?

A
  • Broca’s area in inf. froantl gyrus.
  • Wernicke’s area in post. part of superior temporal gyrus, continuing into planum temporale and inferior parietal lobule.
25
Q

______ is inability to use language.

A

Aphasia

26
Q

Broca’s and Wernike’s areas provide framework for two broad types of aphasia depending on how easily words are produced. What are they?

A
  • Fluent aphasia can speak and write, but its “word salad” = not correct order.
  • Nonfluent can’t express words.
27
Q

________ can’t talk.

A

Broca’s aphasia

28
Q

_____ won’t stop talking but doesn’t make sense.

A

Wernike’s aphasia

29
Q

Wernikie’s area is a ________ on Broca’s area.

A

A check

30
Q

True or false, Damage to Broca’s area affects language comprehension.

A

False, language comprehension is unaffected.

31
Q

What is prosody?

A

So-called musical aspects of speech produced in right hemisphere.

32
Q

________ produces prosody.

A

Right inferior frontal gyrus.

33
Q

What is the symptom of Motor aprosody?

A

Cant convey authority, anger, etc in speech.

34
Q

Damage to what areas causes Agnosia?

A

Association areas and Unimodal areas

35
Q

What are the symptoms of Agnosia?

A

Inability to recognize faces, perceive movements.

36
Q

______ monitor relationships of body with outside world.

A

Multimodal areas

37
Q

What are symptoms of right parietal lobe damage?

A
  • patient has trouble with left half of body.
  • May deny something is wrong with left limb.
  • Ignore left half of body.
38
Q

What are the symptoms of left parietal lobe damage?

A

Important for taking sensory information to plan movement accurately.
* Causes Apraxias (lack of action) = unable to preform some actions.

39
Q

_______ controls activités of other cortical areas, underlies executive functions.

A

Prefrontal cortex.

40
Q

What are the two areas of Prefrontal cortex? and what do they do?

A
  1. Dorsolateral = over lateral convexity.
    - interconnected with parietal association areas.
    - Important role in working memory “Keep in mind” problem planning, solving problems, maintaining attention.
  2. Ventromedial = extends to orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate areas.
    - Damage makes people impulsive, can’t suppress inappropriate responses/ emotions.
41
Q

______ interconnect the Cerebral hemispheres.

A

Commissures

42
Q

_______ is the predominate interconnection between hemispheres.

A

Corpus callosum

43
Q

____ interconnects temporal lobes (inferior), anterior olfactory nuclei.

A

Anterior Commissure

44
Q

All parts of the brain receive commissural fibers except _____ & _______.

A

Hand area of somatosensory & Motor cortex.

Parts of primary visual cortex.

45
Q

What causes Disconnection syndromes and what are the symptoms?

A

Can result from white matter damage.

  • can write but unable to read.
  • cannot read words even thought they wrote it.
46
Q

How is Alexia without Agraphia possible?

A
  • Language areas on left isolated from all visual input.

Anatomy Final (15 decks)

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