cerebral cortex Flashcards
the cerebrum controls
logical thought and conscious awareness of the environment plus sensory and motor activity
predominant type of matter in cerebrum
grey matter
predominant type of matter in cerebrum
grey matter
predominant type of matter in cerebrum
grey matter
hemispheres present in cerebrum
2
each hemisphere divided into
4 lobes. frontal lobe occipital lobe parietal lobe temporal lobe
central sulcus
divides frontal lobe from parietal lobe.
longitudinal fissure
divides the brain into two cerebral hemispheres
transverse fissure
divides cerebrum and cerebellum
sylvian/lateral fissure
divides temporal lobe from frontal and parietal lobes
the structure that connects the left and right portions of the brain
corpus callosum
corpus callosum made up of
white matter
autism
a neurological disease resulting from lack of communication between the 2 sides of the brain
functions of the frontal lobe
memory
emotions
decision making
personality
central sulcus divides into
precentral gyrus-motor cortex
postcentral gyrus-somatosensory cortex
brocas area controls
facial neurons
speech
language expression
location of brocas area
left frontal lobe
brocas aphasia
ability to comprehend speech but inability to speak or form words
site of frontal lobotomies
orbitofrontal cortex.
usually done to reduce aggression, rage . however it leads to epilepsy, poor emotional responses,
olfactory bulb located in
frontal lobe
functional regions of cortex
sensory
motor
higher functions
motor area divided into
primary motor cortex-where information is sent
motor association area- where information is interpreted i.e to reach out for an item or not
association areas
part of brain behind precentral and postcentral gyrus. interpretes information and is information is usually carried without active trying if action is repeated
cortex contains
upper motor neurones which extend to spinal cord and synapse on lower motor neurones to innervate muscles and glands
precentral gyrus contains mainly
the homonculus where neurones that innervate a certain region of the body have their cell bodies in one region. Thus a body map of different body parts
areas with greater representation in homonculus of precentral gyrus
face
hands
lips
tongue
lesser representation in homonculus of precentral gyrus
back
forearm
legs
larger areas in sensory homonculus
hands
sexual organs
lips
foot
primary somatosensory recieves signals for
touch and pressure
somatosensory areas include
somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association area-when i touch keys without seeing i can tell they are keys cos of how they feel
somatosensory areas include
somatosensory cortex
somatosensory association area
visual areas include
primary visual cortex
visual somatosensory area-i.e when i see keys ,i can tell they are keys
visual areas include
primary visual cortex
visual somatosensory area-i.e when i see keys ,i can tell they are keys
Brodmann areas 18+19
part of visual association area. when damaged, one cannot tell what an object is when one sees it.
hearing areas comprises
primary auditory cortex
auditory association area- hears sound, and can tell what it is
auditory area is important in forming
language
regions in auditory area
- brocas area- controls speech, language recognition. damage will lead to loss of speech
- wernickes area- allows understanding of words. damage will not affect their speech,but understanding of what others are saying
gustatory area is made up of
gustatory cortex and association area
gustatory area located in
insula.
insulated portion of temporal lobe
neurones in gustatory area respond to
taste. salty, bitter, sour?
intensity of taste
left side of brain responsible for
thinking
right side of brain responsible for
emotion
memory of events controlled by
hippopocampus
amygdala
takes new memories,stores them for long term
mammiliary bodies are
are round bodies at anterior end of fornix.
form part of diencephalon and limbic system
function of mammiliary bodies
relay information from hippopocampus
recognition memory, can add smell to memory
mammillary body damage
caused by vitamin b1 or thiamine deficiency or alcohol leading to wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
fornix function
carries information from mammiliary bodies to the hippopocampus
anteretrograde amnesia
remember things before accident. after memories are kept for a short time
retrograde amnesia
events after accident can be recalled but not those before
dementia
loss of memory
irreversible,icurable
caused by damage to limbic system
characteristics of dementia
loss of memory, personality, speech, anteretrogade amnesia
limbic system
includes olfactory nerve.
links memory emotion and smell
limbic cortex made up of
hippopocampus amygdala parahippopocampus uncus cingulate gyrus
functions of limbic system
recent memory
recent memory to long term memory
influences mans conduct,mood,behaviour
internal capsule fxn
doorway where descending and ascending fibres pass
What is the internal capsule
projection fibres of white matter between caudate nucleus and thallamus medially and lentiform nucleus laterally
Parts of internal capsule
Anterior limb genu posterior limb retrolentiform sublentiform
Anterior limb of internal capsule
Caudate and lentiform nucleus
Posterior limb
Thallamus and lentiform nucleus
Nerves that run through anterior limb
Anterior thallamic radiation
Frontopontine
Fibres that run through genu
Part of superior thallamic radiation
Frontopontine
Corticonuclear
Posterior limb is made up of
Superior thallamic radiation Frontopontine corticonuclear corticospinal Extrapyramidal
Fibres that run through retrolentiform
Temperopontine
Parietopontine
Optic radiation
Fibres that run through sublentiform
Inferior thallamic radiation
Auditory radiation
Anterior limb destination
Cingulate gyrus
Prefrontal cortex
Genu destination
Premotor cortex
primary motor cortex
Posterior limb destination
Motor –spinal cord
brainstem
Sensory– primarysomatosensory cortex
Retrolenticular destination
Association cortex
visual cortex
Sublenticular destination
Visual
Auditory cortex
Middle cerebral artery suppys this part of internal capsule
Ant limb
genu
post limb
basal ganglia
Anterior cerebral artery supplies
Anterior limb
genu
basal ganglia
Ant choroidal artery supplies
post limb
retrolenticular
Internal capsule stroke symptoms
weakness of face arm leg
Pure motor stroke
UMN lesions
Mixed sensorimotor stroke
Most common lacunae syndrome
Pure motor stroke
Basal ganglia consists of
subcortical nuclei
Caudate nucleus lentiform nucleus claustrum substantia nigra subthallamic nucleus
Basal ganglia fxn
Influence regulatory feedback in sc, brainstem, cerebellum, cerebral cortex
Input nuclei of basal ganglia
caudate nucleus
putamen
Intrinsic nuclei of basal ganglia
External globus pallidus
subthallamic nucleus
pars compacta of substantia nigra
Output nuclei of basal ganglia
Internal globus pallidus
pars reticularis of substantia nigra
