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Neuro > Cerebellum and basal ganglia > Flashcards

Cerebellum and basal ganglia Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the cerebellum lie

A

Posterior cranial fossa

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2
Q

What does the tectorium cerebelli separate

A

Cerebellum from occipital and parietal lobes

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3
Q

What separates the cerebellum from the pons

A

Fourth ventricle

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4
Q

Lobes of the cerebellum

A

Anterior
Posterior
Flocculonodular

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5
Q

Describe cerebellum tracts

A

IPSILATERAL

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6
Q

Parts of the cerebellum

A

Virmis - regulates trunk musculature

Lateral hemispheres - regulates distal structures

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7
Q

What connects the cerebellum to brainstem

A

Superior cerebral peduncle to midbrain
Middle cerebral peduncle to pons
Inferior cerebral peduncle to medulla

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8
Q

Causes of cerebellum damage

A 
Stroke
Hydrocephalus
Tumour
Thiamine deficiency 
Infection
MS
Phenytoin
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9
Q

Cerebellar signs

A 
Dysdiadochokinesia 
Ataxia
Nystagmus
Intention tremor 
Staccato speech
Hypotonia
Past pointing
Rebound phenomena
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10
Q

What results from cerebellar lesion growing laterally

A

CNIV lesion
Arm tremors
Hydrocephalus as 4th ventricle compression

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11
Q

What results from midline cerebellar lesion

A

Truncal ataxia

Abnormal gait

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12
Q

Function of basal ganglia

A

Facilitate appropriate movements via direct pathway
Inhibit inappropriate movements via indirect pathway
Net effect is thalamic stimulation of primary motor cortex

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13
Q

Describe the direct pathway of basal ganglia

A

Putamen inhibits globus pallidus interna
GPI inhibits thalamus
This leads to excitation of cortex by thalamus (2x inhibition = excitation)

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14
Q

Describe the indirect pathway of basal ganglia

A 
Putamen inhibits globus pallidus externa
GPE inhibits subthalamic nucleus
Subthalamic nucleus excites (2x inhibition) substancia nigra pars reticularis and GPI
Inhibition of thalamus 
Inhibition of primary motor cortex
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15
Q

Core features of PD

A

Bradykinesia
Pill rolling tremor
Rigidity
(Cog wheeling combo of rigidity and tremor)

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16
Q

Pathophysiology of PD

A

Degeneration of substantia nigra

Dopamine deficiency decreases direct pathway and increases indirect pathway

17
Q

Symptoms of PD

A 
Bradykinesia, tremor, rigidity
Hypophonia
Micrographia
Lewy body dementia
Sleep disturbances
Shuffling gait and pedestal turning
18
Q

Inheritance pattern of Huntington’s disease

A

Autosomal dominant

Age of onset lower with each generation

19
Q

Pathophysiology of Huntington’s

A

Degeneration of GABAergic neurones in the indirect pathway

Increased thalamic stimulation of the primary motor cortex

20
Q

Symptoms of Huntington’s

A

Chorea
Dystonia
Incoordination
Cognitive decline

21
Q

Surgical management of PD

A

Pallidotomy for unilateral dyskinesia

Deep brain stimulation if significant side effects with L-dopa

22
Q

Diagnosis of PD

A

Clinical

If young - investigate for Wilson’s disease

Neuro (19 decks)

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