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Neuro > Anatomy, aphasia, consciousness and memory > Flashcards

Anatomy, aphasia, consciousness and memory Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of midbrain (Micky mouse)

A 
Ears - cerebral peduncles
Eyebrows - substantia nigra 
Eyes - red nuclei (axons of CNVIII)
Nose - CNVIII nuclei
Mouth - cerebral aqueduct
Around mouth - PAG
Chin - superior calliculi and tectum 
Tears - ascending tracts
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2
Q

Functions of frontal lobe of cortex

A 
Motor function
Speech expression
Inhibition
Cognition
Eye movements
Continence
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3
Q

Functions of parietal lobe of cortex

A

Sensory function
Speech comprehension
Attention - awareness of environment
Calculation

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4
Q

Functions of temporal lobe of cortex

A

Hearing
Olfaction
Memory
Emotion

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5
Q

Functions of occipital lobe of cortex

A

Vision

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6
Q

What is cerebral dominance

A

95% have left hemisphere dominance
Meaning left side is responsible for sequential processing e.g language and logic
Right side is responsible for whole picture processing e.g body image, attention and emotion

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7
Q

What areas are used in the language pathways

A

Wernicke’s area in temporal lobe

Broca’s area in inferolateral frontal lobe

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8
Q

Function of Broca’s area

A

Production of speech, is anatomically adjacent to motor part of frontal lobe controlling face

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9
Q

Function of Wernicke’s area

A

Interpretation of speech

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10
Q

What connects Broca’s and Wernicke’s area

A

Arcuate fasciculus

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11
Q

Differentiate Broca’s and Wernicke’s aphasia

A

Broca’s - can understand instructions and follow them but answers to questions are incomprehensible

Wernicke’s - can speak fluently but answers to questions are inappropriate

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12
Q

Classes of memory

A

Explicit or declarative (factual)

Implicit or nondeclarative (motor skills and emotion)

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13
Q

Where are the types of memory stored in general

A

Explicit in cortex

Implicit in cerebellum

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14
Q

What increases consolidation of memory into long term memories

A

Emotional context
Rehearsal
Association

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15
Q

Function of hippocampus in consolidating memory

A

Integrates input (visual, auditory, limbic) and repeats message to cortex to increase strength of connection via increased neurotransmitter release and increased presynaptic branches

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16
Q

What is arousal and consciousness

A

Arousal - emotional state associated with a goal or avoidance of a noxious stimulus

Consciousness - awareness of external world and internal states

17
Q

How is consciousness controlled

A

Cortex stimulates the reticular formulation which then stimulates the cortex creating a positive feedback loop

18
Q

What is the reticular formation

What are the inputs and outputs

A

Population of specialised interneurones in the brainstem receiving input from the sensory system and cortex
Output to reticular activating system

19
Q

What is contained in the RAS and what stimulates the cortex in each case

A

Thalamus - glutamate
Hypothalamus - histamine
Basal forebrain nuclei - acetylcholine

20
Q

How to assess consciousness

A

GCS: /4 eye opening, /6 motor response, /5 verbal response

Electroencephalogram

21
Q

Describe brain death

A

Flat EEG

Widespread cortical and brainstem damage

22
Q

Describe coma

A

Disordered EEG, no detectable sleep wake cycle, unresponsive to psychologically meaningful stimuli
Widespread cortical and brainstem damage

23
Q

Describe post vegetative state

A

Disordered EEG, detectable sleep wake cycle, brain stem reflexes present, spontaneous eye opening
Widespread cortical damage

24
Q

Describe locked in syndrome

A

All somatic motor functions are lost from pons down (eye movements may be preserved)
Basilar or pontine artery occlusion

25
Q

How does sleep occur

A

Inhibition of positive feedback between cortex and RAS leads to decreased cortical activity
Possibly due to removal of sensory input

26
Q

What are the stages of sleep

A

6 cycles of progression from awake to stage 4 with periodic rapid changes to REM

27
Q

What changes from stage 1-4

A

Cortical neuronal frequency decreases and amplitude increases because of synchronicity

28
Q

What happens in REM

A

Muscle tone of body lost due to RF and reticulospinal tract

Eye movements, CN functions e.g bruxism, and autonomic functions e.g erection are preserved

29
Q

What stimulates REM

A

Neurones in the pons

30
Q

Type of waves present in each stage of sleep

A 
REM/awake - beta 
Eyes closed - alpha 
Stage 1 - alpha and beta
Stage 2-3 - theta, sleep spindles and k complexes 
Stage 4 - delta waves
31
Q

What are sleep spindles

A

Thalamic activity during sleep aiming to ‘wake’ cortex

32
Q

What are k complexes

A

First signs of intrinsic rate during sleep

33
Q

Functions of sleep

A

Bodily repair
Clearing extracellular debris
Memory consolidation

34
Q

Describe sleep apnoea

A

Excessive daytime sleepiness due to hypoxia episodes waking you up at night
Main cause is obesity

Neuro (19 decks)

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