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Neuro > Anatomy and neurotransmitters > Flashcards

Anatomy and neurotransmitters Flashcards

1
Q

Parts of brainstem sup to inf

A

Midbrain
Pons
Medulla

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2
Q

Function of midbrain

A

Eye movements

Primitive output for hearing and vision

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3
Q

Function of pons

A

Links 2 halves of cerebellum

Coordination of eating, hearing and balance

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4
Q

Function of medulla

A

Links brainstem to spinal cord

Regulates autonomic and automatic functions

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5
Q

Main sulci of brain

A

Central - divides frontal and parietal
Lateral - divides temporal and frontal/parietal
Parieto-occipital

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6
Q

Functions of cerebellum

A

Precise voluntary movement
Coordination
Minor cognitive function

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7
Q

What is anterior and posterior to central sulcus

A

Anterior - precentral gyrus - primary motor cortex

Posterior - postcentral gyrus - primary sensory cortex

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8
Q

Differences between CNS and PNS

A

PNS axons can regenerate
Myelination by Schwann cells in PNS and by oligodendrocytes in CNS
Immune response mediated by microglia in CNS which is dampened to decrease swelling
Tumours usually benign in PNS but can be either in CNS

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9
Q

Where does the temporal pole lie

A

Middle cranial fossa

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10
Q

What is the corpus collosum

A

Bridges 2 hemispheres of cerebrum

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11
Q

Order of meninges from deep to superficial

A

Pia mater
Arachnoid mater
Meningeal dura mater
Periosteal dura mater (inner and outer skill)

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12
Q

Where is the subarachnoid space

A

Between pia and arachnoid mater

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13
Q

Functions of subarachnoid space

A

Contains CSF which makes brain weightless, protects the brain mechanically and provides glucose for brain

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14
Q

Where is the subdural space

A

Between arachnoid and meningeal dura mater

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15
Q

Where does the MMA lie

A

Between the skull and inner periosteal dura mater

Crosses the pterion

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16
Q

Where are the dura venous sinuses

A

Between the meningeal and periosteal dura mater layers

17
Q

Difference between T1 and T2 MRI scans

A

T1: dark CSF
T2: light CSF

18
Q

What contrast is used for brain MRI and how does it reveal tumours

A

Gadolinium

Shows disturbances in BBB and tumours are highly vascular with a poor BBB

19
Q

What constitutes the BBB

A

Capillary endothelium
BM
End foot processes of astrocytes

20
Q

What class of cells are microglia

A

APCs

21
Q

Functions of astrocytes (5)

A 
Structural support
Glucose lactate shuffle - astrocytes store glycogen to make lactate which crosses BBB to enter glycolysis 
Remove glutamate 
Remove K+ in ECF
Form BBB
22
Q

Classes of neurotransmitters and some examples of each

A

Excitatory amino acid - glutamate
Inhibitory amino acid - GABA, glycine
Biogenic amines - ACh, NA, dopamine, serotonin, histamine
Peptides - neuropeptide Y, somatostatin

23
Q

Classes of glutamate receptor

A

Ionoptropic - AMPA, NMDA

GPCR

24
Q

General consequence of ionotropic glutamate receptor activation

A

Excitatory post synaptic potential where depolarisation causes more APs

25
Q

Consequence of GPCR glutamate receptor activation

A

Decreased levels of cAMP

26
Q

How do AMPA and NMDA receptors work together

A

AMPA receptor activation by glutamate binding causes neuronal depolarisation. NMDA receptors are only activated when glutamate binds in depolarised neurones. This allows Ca influx which up regulates AMPA receptors.

27
Q

Why is glutamate toxic to neurones

A

Too much Ca influx via NMDA receptors

28
Q

General consequence of GABA and glycine binding to their receptors

A

Cl- influx leading to Inhibitory post synaptic potential where hyperpolarisation causes less APs

29
Q

Which drugs utilise GABA

A

Benzodiazepines

30
Q

What receptors does ACh act on in the brain and what effect does this have on neurones

A

Nicotinic and muscurinic

Excitation

31
Q

Where do cholinergic pathways in brain run from and to

A

Originate in nucleus basalis, forebrain and brainstem

Project to cortex and hippocampus

32
Q

Functions of cholinergic pathways in brain

A

Arousal
Learning
Memory
Motor control

33
Q

Pathophysiology of Alzheimer’s disease

A

Degeneration of cholinergic neurones in the nucleus basalis

34
Q

What are the dopaminergic pathways in the brain

A

Mesocortical
Mesolimbic
Nigrostriatal
Tubuloinfundibular

35
Q

Where does the nigrostriatal pathway run from and to

A

Substancia nigra to the corpus striatum

36
Q

Pathophysiology of Parkinson’s disease

A

Loss of dopaminergic neurones in the nigrostriatal pathway

37
Q

What receptors does NA act on in the brain

A

Alpha and beta adrenoreceptors

38
Q

Where do noradrenergic and serotonergic pathways run from and to

A

Originate from locus ceruleus, pons and medulla

Project to cortex, hypothalamus, amygdala, cerebellum

Neuro (19 decks)

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