Central Nervous System (with lobes & cortex)

Question 1

Spinal cord

Answer 1

“extension of the brain”, glial cells, gray/white matter (neurons, myelin sheath accumulations)
-protected by bone and spinal fluid -*transmits messages between brain and PNS

Question 2

Brainstem

Answer 2

• medulla controls heartbeat and breathing, bleeding, caughing (all automatic)
  -reticular formation is a screening system that detects changes in environment (controls arousal and attention(also when you sleep))
  -pons controls body movement and sleep

Question 3

Cerebellum

Answer 3

“mini brain” that has two hemispheres, coordinates voluntary motor activities, regulates muscle tone/posture (food to mouth, walk straight), is affected by alcohol

Question 4

Thalamus

Answer 4

relay station for higher brain centers (forwards information), receives info from all senses except smell

Question 5

Hypothalamus

Answer 5

most influencial, controls hunger + thirst + sexual/emotional behavior, regulates body temperature (shivers), biological clock, some emotional responses inititated by it

Question 6

limbic system

Answer 6

emotional expression, memory, motivation, contains amygdala and hippocampus

Question 7

Amygdala

Answer 7

sensative to negative emotions, learned fear response- aggression-(knows that negative=threat), connects events/memories with emotions

Question 8

Hippocampus

Answer 8

processes concious memories, creates neural maps- remembers emotion-based info (+ vs - memories)

Question 9

Cerebrum

Answer 9

primary site for logic + problem solving + language, left and right hemispheres, attached by CORPUS CALLOSUM (band of nerve fibers conncting hemispheres)- allows info to be transferred between hems

Question 10

right-hemisphere

Answer 10

controls left side of body: movement, feeling

Question 11

left-hemisphere

Answer 11

controls right side of body: movement, feeling, LANGUAGE for most

Question 12

Cortex associated to Cerebrum is…

Answer 12

the cerebral cortex

Question 13

Cerebral cortex

Answer 13

thin layers surrounding hems, (language, memory, thinking), “grey matter”

Question 14

Areas of cortex

Answer 14

sensory input (senses come in), motor areas (voluntary movement), association areas (memories, thought, perception, language)

Question 15

Each hemisphere has 4 lobes:

Answer 15

Frontal lobe, Parietal lobe, Occipital lobe, Temporal lobe

Question 16

Frontal lobe

Answer 16

largest, main functions are speaking and muscle movements, cortex = Motor cortex, contains Broca’s area which is what controls speech production and the muscles required to do so, and frontal association areas that are responsible for things like future planning, impulse control, and emotional responses

Question 17

Motor cortex

Answer 17

voluntary body movement (cross-wired), damage: paralysis or amputation, *plasticity

Question 18

Plasticity

Answer 18

Brain’s ability to rewire itself - brain redirecting neurons to remaining limbs=motor (we are built for survival). This is why the blind can read braille: they have more sensation in their fingures since their eyes require no neurons=sensory.

Question 19

Broca’s area (on the left, language)

Answer 19

area that controls speech PRODUCTION (and muscles needed to speek)

Question 20

Broca’s aphasia

Answer 20

loss of ability to produce speech, ppl know what they want to say but cannot verbalise it

Question 21

Frontal association areas

Answer 21

future planning, impulse control, emotional responses: ex Phineas Gage

Question 22

Parietal lobe

Answer 22

reception and processing of “touch”, cortex = Somatosensory cortex, spacial orientation, sense of direction, association: memory of how things feel

Question 23

Somatosensory cortex

Answer 23

receives touch + pain + pressure, awareness of movement and body position, (the more sensitive a body part, the larger the cortex area devoted to it), cross-wired, plasticity

Question 24

Occipital lobe (O looks like eyeballs)

Answer 24

receives and interprets visual info, association: memories of visual experiences, cortex= Primary Visual cortex

Question 25

Visual cortex

Answer 25

vision registers, cross-wired: left visual field goes to the right visual cortex, damage= problem identifying objects through vision

Question 26

Temporal lobe (temples are near ears)

Answer 26

receives and interprets auditory stimuli, association: memory for auditory stimuli, cortex = Primary Auditory cortex, Wernicke’s area, damage to 1=reduced hearing, to 2= deafness

Question 27

Auditory cortex

Answer 27

hearing registers,each cortex in each lobe takes in info from each ear *not cross-wired

Question 28

Wernicke’s area

Answer 28

comprehending spoken word, formulating language, left hemisphere, speech sounds unscrambled into words

Question 29

Wernicke’s aphasia

Answer 29

damage to the area, spoken language does not make sense (gibberish, bizarre), does not realize smt is wrong with their speech

Question 30

specialization of left hemisphere

Answer 30

-language, mathematical abilities, logic
-info is processed analytically and sequentially

Question 31

specialization of right hemisphere

Answer 31

-visual/spacial, patterns(voice, music, visual), creativity,intuition, recognizing/xpressing emotion
- understanding themes, stories, metaphors, jokes, expressions