Central Nervous System

Question 1

What does primary motor area allow?

Answer 1

Voluntary movement

Question 2

Where does the primary motor area lie?

Answer 2

In the frontal lobe

Question 3

How many neurones are involved in the primary motor movement?

Answer 3

Two

Question 4

What two neurones are involved with the primary motor area?

Answer 4

Upper motor neurone and lower motor neurone

Question 5

What does the upper motor neurone do (primary motor area)?

Answer 5

Descends from the motor cortex through the internal capsule to the medulla obloganta. Here it crosses to the opposite side and descends in the spinal cord. Hitting the right level it synapses with the second neurone.

Question 6

What does the CNS consist of ?

Answer 6

Brain, spinal cord

Question 7

What does the lower motor neurone do?

Answer 7

Once synapses with the upper motor neurone it leaves the spinal cord and travels to the targeted muscle

Question 8

What is the central sulcus?

Answer 8

Forms the boundary between the frontal and parietal on the lateral and medial surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres

Question 9

What is included in the brainstem?

Answer 9

Midbrain, Pons , medulla obloganta

Question 10

Where is the midbrain and what does it do?

Answer 10

In the brainstem, consists of nuclei and nerve fibre (tracts) that connect the cerebrum with the lower parts of the brain and with the spinal cord. The nuclei acts as a relay station for ascending and descending nerve fibres and have a role in auditory and visual reflexes.

Question 11

Where is Pons and what is it for?

Answer 11

In the brain stem, front of the cerebellum. Consists of mainly nerve fibres (white matter) that form a bridge between two cerebellar hemispheres and of fibres passing between the higher levels of the brain and spinal cord. Pons proccess information from some cranial nerves including 5th and 8th. Grey matter lies deeply whereas the white matter (nerve fibres) are superficial.

Question 12

Where is the medulla oblongata and what does it do?

Answer 12

In the brain stem, extends from the pons above and is continuous with the spinal cord below. Outer aspect is composed of white matter which passess between the brain and the spinal cord. The grey matter lies centrally. Also, helps control the heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure.

Question 13

How many meningine layers are there?

Answer 13

3

Question 14

What is the pia matter?

Answer 14

Layer of protection, closest to the brain. Soft layer

Question 15

What is the arachnoid layer?

Answer 15

2nd layer of the meningines, Have projections down to the pia matter, also filled with fluid to proetect the brain.

Question 16

What is the outer layer protecting the brain?

Answer 16

Dura Matter

Question 17

What does the dura matter do?

Answer 17

Tough layer, protects the brain

Question 18

What does the cerebrum consist of?

Answer 18

Frontal lobe, Temporal lobe, Parietal lobe, occipital lobe.

Question 19

What does the cortex include?

Answer 19

Grey matter, allows things to be made sense of.

Question 20

What is the frontal lobe the site of?

Answer 20

Motor cortex, area in which conscious movement begins

Question 21

What is the parietal lobe the location of?

Answer 21

Somato Sensory cortex, whenever we feel sensory things such as pain it must go to the somato sensory cortex.

Question 22

What cortex is in the occipital lobe?

Answer 22

Visual cortex

Question 23

What does the visual cortex do?

Answer 23

Anytime you see something, in order for you to be aware of it and understand it it must go to the visual cortex.

Question 24

What is included in the temporal lobe?

Answer 24

Auditory cortex, where we make sense and understand sound

Question 25

What are the important roles of the cerebellum?

Answer 25

Plays a role in maintaining tone, posture and balance.

Question 26

What does the brainstem do?

Answer 26

House of the cranial nerves, important for respiratory and cardiovascular rhythms and important for various reflexes (blink reflex, cough relfex, jaw jerk reflex)

Question 27

What different parts of the spinal cord is there?

Answer 27

Cervical, thorasic, lumbar, sacral, coccyx.

Question 28

How many pairs of peripheral nerves are associated with the spinal cord?

Answer 28

31

Question 29

What happens with reflexes?

Answer 29

Bypasses going to the conscious area of the brain, occur at the spinal cord.

Question 30

What does the cell body of a neurone include?

Answer 30

A nuclues and a granular cytoplasm which contains many ribosomes.

Question 31

Within the cell body of the nucleus what do the ribosomes do?

Answer 31

They group together to form nissl granules that are used in the formation of neurotransmitter substances.

Question 32

What is a dentrite (in an a neurone)?

Answer 32

These are fine branches within the neurone, capable of recieving nerve impulses from neighbouring nerve cells and receptor organs. The dentrites then make connections with other nerve cells and effector organs such as muscles via synapses.

Question 33

Reagrding a neurone what is an axon?

Answer 33

The communication route between the cell body and the axon terminals. The action potential will only travel in one direction in the axon.

Question 34

What does the myelin sheith do?

Answer 34

Produced by neuroglia, myelin is fatty and contains phosopholipid and cholestrol whihc provides insulation from the electical impulses.

Question 35

How many layers does the dura matter have?

Answer 35

Two layers of dense fibrous tissue, the outer periosteal layer lines the inner surface of the skull bones and the inner (meningeal) layer provdes a protective covering of the brain.

Question 36

What is the pia matter?

Answer 36

Delicate layer of connective tissue containing many tiny blood vessels. It adheres to the brain, covering the convultions and dipping into each fissure, it also continues downwards surrounding the spinal cord.

Question 37

What is Arachoid matter?

Answer 37

Layer of Fibrous tissue that lies between the dura matter and the pia matter. It is seperated from the dura matter by the subdural space which contains a small space.

Question 38

What is basal ganglia?

Answer 38

Groups of cells bodies that lie deep within the brain and form part of the extrapyramidal tracts.

Question 39

What is the function of basal ganglia?

Answer 39

Act as relay stations with connections to many parts of the brain, including motor areas of the cerebral cortex. Function include initiation and fine control of complex movement and learned coordinated activites such as posture and walking.

Question 40

**

Where is the basal ganglia?

Answer 40

Found deep within the white matter of the brain.