Central Dogma - Transcription & Translation

Question 1

What is the primary storage molecule of genetic information?

Answer 1

DNA

Question 2

Useful when expressed in the production of RNA and functional proteins

Answer 2

Genetic information stored in DNA

Question 3

What is synthesized from DNA during gene expression?

Answer 3

RNA

Question 4

What does RNA encode for?

Answer 4

Directions/Instructions for protein synthesis

Question 5

A part of the genome that encodes for a particular functional protein

Answer 5

Gene

Question 6

Basic components of a (prokaryotic) gene

Answer 6

Promoter sequence
RNA coding sequence
Terminator sequence

Question 7

It is the copying of the genetic code to synthesize mRNA using DNA as a template

Answer 7

Transcription

Question 8

Major enzyme involved in transcription

Answer 8

RNA polymerase

Question 9

Features of transcription

Answer 9

1. Specific base pairing
   • Cytosine pairs Guanine
   • Adenine pairs Uracil
2. Only one of DNA is transcribed
   • template/anti sense strand
3. mRNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction

Question 10

Copy of the sense strand, only that T is replaced U

Answer 10

mRNA

Question 11

It is essential for accurate binding of RNA polymerase to DNA and recognition of promoter sequence

Answer 11

Sigma factor

Question 12

Binds non-specifically to DNA then migrates to the promoter sites

Answer 12

RNA polymerase

Question 13

Initial binding of the RNA polymerase with the promoter site is called

Answer 13

Closed promoter complex

Question 14

RNA polymerase then unwinds several base pairs

Answer 14

Open promoter complex

Question 15

RNA polymerase then unwinds several base pairs and initially add several

Answer 15

Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)

Question 16

What occurs after 8-9 nucleotides have been polymerase during initiation of transcription?

Answer 16

Sigma factor, dissociates from the core enzyme

Question 17

Process of elongation in transcription

Answer 17

RNA polymerase moves along the template DNA to continue elongation of the growing mRNA chain

Question 18

Hairpin formation causes dissociation of mRNA, DNA, enzyme

Answer 18

Rho (p)-independent termination

Question 19

ATP-dependent rho-protein binds to the nascent mRNA and pulls it away from the RNA polymerase and DNA template

Answer 19

Rho (p)-dependent termination

Question 20

Has to go out of the nucleus for translation (for eukaryotes)

Answer 20

Nascent mRNA

Question 21

Nascent mRNA has to undergo to protect it from degradation

Answer 21

post-transcriptional modifications

Question 22

What are the post-transcriptional processes

Answer 22

1. Splicing (removal of introns)
2. 5’ capping and 3’ Poly-A tailing

Question 23

Results to multiple protein products

Answer 23

Alternative splicing

Question 24

Purpose of 5’ capping and 3’ Poly-A tailing

Answer 24

To protects mRNA from the action of nucleases

Question 25

It is the process wherein polypeptide chains are synthesized

Answer 25

Translation

Question 26

Message carried by mRNA through codons is translated into a specific

Answer 26

amino acid

Question 27

A sequence of three ribonucleotides specific for a given amino acid

Answer 27

Codons

Question 28

Features of the Genetic code 1. Read in successive groups of three

Answer 28

Non-overlapping

Question 29

Features of Genetic code 2. An amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon (except Met and Trp)

Answer 29

Degenerate

Question 30

Features of Genetic code 3. Presence of starts and stop codons

Answer 30

Start: AUG Stop: UAG, UGA, UAA

Question 31

Requirements for Translation

Answer 31

1. Template - mRNA 2. Ribosome 3. Amino acids 4. tRNA 5. Amino acid-tRNA synthetase 6. Initiation, elongation and termination factors

Question 32

Site of translation

Answer 32

Ribosome

Question 33

Carrier of the activated amino acid

Answer 33

tRNA

Question 34

2 Sub-unit of ribosome

Answer 34

Small & Large Sub-unit

Question 35

A site - ensure the amino acid

Answer 35

Aminoacyl tRNA

Question 36

P site - to connect the amino acid

Answer 36

Peptidyl tRNA

Question 37

E site - carries another amino acid

Answer 37

Exit site

Question 38

Adaptor that links the codons and amino acid

Answer 38

tRNA

Question 39

Steps in Translation

Answer 39

1. Activation 2. Initiation 3. Elongation 4. Termination

Question 40

Enzyme catalyzes the activation of amino acid

Answer 40

Amino acyl-tRNA synthetase

Question 41

First step in the formation of the initiation complex

Answer 41

Binding of mRNA and small ribosomal unit (30S)

Question 42

Binding of the first charged tRNA

Answer 42

fmet-tRNA fmet

Question 43

Binding of the large ribosomal unit (50S)

Answer 43

fmet-tRNA fmet on the P site

Question 44

Binding of the next charged amino acid

Answer 44

A site as entry point

Question 45

Catalyzed formation of peptide bond

Answer 45

Peptidyl transferase

Question 46

Transcription inside of

Answer 46

nucleus

Question 47

Translation inside of

Answer 47

ribosome

Question 48

5' Capping has

Answer 48

7 methyle guanosine

Question 49

3' Poly-A Tailing

Answer 49

Polyadenylation

Question 50

Binding of Release Factor (RF)

Answer 50

A site

Question 51

Binding of Release Factor (RF)

Answer 51

A site

Question 52

Recognition of stop codons

Answer 52

A site

Question 53

A multi enzyme complex with five polypeptide chains and a loosely held

Answer 53

sigma factor

Question 54

RNA polymerase binds non-specifically to DNA migrates to the

Answer 54

promoter sites