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Biochemistry > Central Dogma - Transcription & Translation > Flashcards

Central Dogma - Transcription & Translation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary storage molecule of genetic information?

A

DNA

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2
Q

Useful when expressed in the production of RNA and functional proteins

A

Genetic information stored in DNA

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3
Q

What is synthesized from DNA during gene expression?

A

RNA

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4
Q

What does RNA encode for?

A

Directions/Instructions for protein synthesis

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5
Q

A part of the genome that encodes for a particular functional protein

A

Gene

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6
Q

Basic components of a (prokaryotic) gene

A

Promoter sequence
RNA coding sequence
Terminator sequence

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7
Q

It is the copying of the genetic code to synthesize mRNA using DNA as a template

A

Transcription

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8
Q

Major enzyme involved in transcription

A

RNA polymerase

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9
Q

Features of transcription

A
  1. Specific base pairing
    • Cytosine pairs Guanine
    • Adenine pairs Uracil
  2. Only one of DNA is transcribed
    • template/anti sense strand
  3. mRNA is synthesized in the 5’ to 3’ direction
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10
Q

Copy of the sense strand, only that T is replaced U

A

mRNA

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11
Q

It is essential for accurate binding of RNA polymerase to DNA and recognition of promoter sequence

A

Sigma factor

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12
Q

Binds non-specifically to DNA then migrates to the promoter sites

A

RNA polymerase

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13
Q

Initial binding of the RNA polymerase with the promoter site is called

A

Closed promoter complex

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14
Q

RNA polymerase then unwinds several base pairs

A

Open promoter complex

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15
Q

RNA polymerase then unwinds several base pairs and initially add several

A

Nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs)

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16
Q

What occurs after 8-9 nucleotides have been polymerase during initiation of transcription?

A

Sigma factor, dissociates from the core enzyme

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17
Q

Process of elongation in transcription

A

RNA polymerase moves along the template DNA to continue elongation of the growing mRNA chain

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18
Q

Hairpin formation causes dissociation of mRNA, DNA, enzyme

A

Rho (p)-independent termination

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19
Q

ATP-dependent rho-protein binds to the nascent mRNA and pulls it away from the RNA polymerase and DNA template

A

Rho (p)-dependent termination

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20
Q

Has to go out of the nucleus for translation (for eukaryotes)

A

Nascent mRNA

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21
Q

Nascent mRNA has to undergo to protect it from degradation

A

post-transcriptional modifications

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22
Q

What are the post-transcriptional processes

A
  1. Splicing (removal of introns)
  2. 5’ capping and 3’ Poly-A tailing
23
Q

Results to multiple protein products

A

Alternative splicing

24
Q

Purpose of 5’ capping and 3’ Poly-A tailing

A

To protects mRNA from the action of nucleases

25
Q

It is the process wherein polypeptide chains are synthesized

A

Translation

26
Q

Message carried by mRNA through codons is translated into a specific

A

amino acid

27
Q

A sequence of three ribonucleotides specific for a given amino acid

A

Codons

28
Q

Features of the Genetic code
1. Read in successive groups of three

A

Non-overlapping

29
Q

Features of Genetic code
2. An amino acid can be coded for by more than one codon (except Met and Trp)

A

Degenerate

30
Q

Features of Genetic code
3. Presence of starts and stop codons

A

Start: AUG
Stop: UAG, UGA, UAA

31
Q

Requirements for Translation

A
  1. Template - mRNA
  2. Ribosome
  3. Amino acids
  4. tRNA
  5. Amino acid-tRNA synthetase
  6. Initiation, elongation and termination factors
32
Q

Site of translation

A

Ribosome

33
Q

Carrier of the activated amino acid

A

tRNA

34
Q

2 Sub-unit of ribosome

A

Small & Large Sub-unit

35
Q

A site - ensure the amino acid

A

Aminoacyl tRNA

36
Q

P site - to connect the amino acid

A

Peptidyl tRNA

37
Q

E site - carries another amino acid

A

Exit site

38
Q

Adaptor that links the codons and amino acid

A

tRNA

39
Q

Steps in Translation

A
  1. Activation
  2. Initiation
  3. Elongation
  4. Termination
40
Q

Enzyme catalyzes the activation of amino acid

A

Amino acyl-tRNA synthetase

41
Q

First step in the formation of the initiation complex

A

Binding of mRNA and small ribosomal unit (30S)

42
Q

Binding of the first charged tRNA

A

fmet-tRNA fmet

43
Q

Binding of the large ribosomal unit (50S)

A

fmet-tRNA fmet on the P site

44
Q

Binding of the next charged amino acid

A

A site as entry point

45
Q

Catalyzed formation of peptide bond

A

Peptidyl transferase

46
Q

Transcription inside of

A

nucleus

47
Q

Translation inside of

A

ribosome

48
Q

5’ Capping has

A

7 methyle guanosine

49
Q

3’ Poly-A Tailing

A

Polyadenylation

50
Q

Binding of Release Factor (RF)

A

A site

51
Q

Binding of Release Factor (RF)

A

A site

52
Q

Recognition of stop codons

A

A site

53
Q

A multi enzyme complex with five polypeptide chains and a loosely held

A

sigma factor

54
Q

RNA polymerase binds non-specifically to DNA migrates to the

A

promoter sites

Biochemistry (4 decks)

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