Central dogma

Question 1

DNA–> DNA:
DNA–> RNA:
RNA–>Protein:
DNA–>RNA:

Answer 1

Replication
Transcription
Translation
Reverse transcription

Question 2

In prokaryotes, transcription and translation ….

Answer 2

Can take place simultaneously, but with different complexes doing each.

Question 3

Eukaryotes _____ their mRNA in a few different ways, while prokaryotes do not.

Answer 3

Modify

Question 4

In Eukaryotes, what happens between transcription and translation?

Answer 4

mRNA processing: Adding a 5’ cap and a poly-A tail. Also, removal of introns.

Question 5

In translation, we use a sequence of _____ nucleotides (called a _____) to determine which amino acid to add next to our protein.

Answer 5

three

codon

Question 6

Each codon can carry the code for:

Answer 6

only one, specific amino acid

Question 7

What is the start codon?

Answer 7

AUG. It also codes for

methionine, so every protein starts out with methionine.

Question 8

What are the stop codons?

Answer 8

UAA, UAG, and UGA

Question 9

In transcription, once the DNA is opened up, ____ _______ proceeds along the DNA, copying one strand.

Answer 9

RNA polymerase

Question 10

RNA is built off of the _______ strand. The DNA strand that has the same sequenceas the mRNA is called the ______ strand.

Answer 10

Template

sense

Question 11

Eukaryotes often have a special stretch of DNA
called a ______ ______, about 30 nucleotides upstream
of where transcription will start.

Answer 11

TATA box

Question 12

What protein do Eukaryotes use to interact with the TATA box?

Answer 12

TBP (TATA Box binding protein)

Question 13

What is the name of the complex that modifies mRNA?

Answer 13

Spliceosome

Question 14

Within the spliceosome, what actually does the cutting?

Answer 14

snRNPs

Question 15

Spliceosomes cut out ________ and leave _______.

Answer 15

Introns

Exons

Question 16

What are the first two steps of translation?

Answer 16

1-mRNA and small ribosomal subunit join

2- tRNA carrying methionine now joins

Question 17

When does the large ribosomal subunit join the small one?

Answer 17

AFTER tRNA (carrying Met) joins small subunit

Question 18

How do tRNAs move through the ribosome?

Answer 18

EPA-

From A, to P, to E

Question 19

Where is energy spent in the ribosome?

Answer 19

When tRNA binds to A site

To move from P to E site

Question 20

What is a release factor?

Answer 20

On the stop codon, releases the AA from the ribosome. Costs energy, then the whole complex diassembles.

Question 21

What is a point mutation?

Answer 21

Where one or a few nucleotides are changed, either a substitution mutation, or a frameshift mutation

Question 22

What is a substitution mutation?

Answer 22

An incorrect nucleotide (or more) is found in the gene,

but no other changes are made.

Question 23

What are the three types of substitution mutations?

What happens in them?

Answer 23

1) Silent or neutral: no change to protein
2) Misssense: wrong amino acid added
3) Nonsense: premature stop codon

Question 24

What is a frameshift mutation?

Answer 24

When nucleotides are added or deleted from an otherwise

correct sequence.

Question 25

What are the outcomes of a frameshift mutation?

Answer 25

extensive missense mutations

nonsense mutations