Central Dogma

Question 1

Central dogma

Answer 1

Theory that info is passed from dna➡️rna➡️protein . Describes the flow and direction of information of life (reproduction or cell making).
Dna is replicated, then transcribed to RNA, RNA translated to proteins

Question 2

Replication

Answer 2

Process of copying a double strand of DNA in the cell nucleus during S-phase

Question 3

Transcription

Answer 3

Process in which DNA from nucleus is transcribed/copied to form mRNA. Which will be used for coding proteins outside the nucleus

Question 4

Translation

Answer 4

Process by which mRNA is translated to a sequence of amino acids that will then be modified to functional proteins.
Involves mRNA, tRNA and rRNA

Question 5

Antiparallel

Answer 5

Going in different directions. Dna is antiparallel,1 strand 5’ to 3’ other 3’ to 5’

Question 6

Hydrogen bonding

Answer 6

Weak attractive force that holds together dna. (Between nitrogenous bases groups)

Question 7

Semi conservative

Answer 7

One part is the same, other is new.
SemiC. Replikation: 1 strand of new dna double helix cane from original strand, the other’s the new copy. (Preserved + new, facilitated by enzymes

Question 8

Helicase

Answer 8

An enzyme. It breaks apart the hydrogen bond during DNA replication, separating the DNA strands, allowing them to be read.

Question 9

Replication fork

Answer 9

A structure that forms after the helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds. With the twisting helix on one side and the separated strands on the other.

Question 10

Dna polymerase

Answer 10

Enzyme that attaches itself to the side of the primer, then builds a complimentary strand of DNA (or okazaki fragments) from free nucleotides in the 5’ to 3’ Direction.

Question 11

DNA ligase

Answer 11

Enzyme that binds together (ligates) sections of DNA between okazaki fragments.

Question 12

Leading strand

Answer 12

The new strand that runs in 5’ to 3’ direction (3’ closest to helicase) ➡️ can synthesise continuously.

Question 13

Lagging strand

Answer 13

The new strand that is oriented 3’ to 5’ (5’ closest to helicase) ➡️ semi disrupted synthesis, built in okazaki fragments that are later joined together.

Question 14

Okazaki fragments

Answer 14

A segment of complementary DNA between RNA primers in 5’ to 3’ direction. (Lagging strand)

Question 15

RNA Primer

Answer 15

Short strand of nucleotides that provide the initiation sequence for dna polymerase to synthesize new strands. Either put at 3’ end of leading strand or in 5’ to 3’ direction on lagging strand (flera)

Question 16

Primase

Answer 16

Enzyme that adds an RNA primer/s to either 3’ end of leading strand or in the 5’ to 3’ direction on the lagging strand.

Question 17

Protein synthesis

Answer 17

Process of creating protein molecules. Involves transcription and translation.

Question 18

Non coding regions

Answer 18

Sections of the genome that don’t contain genes (protein coding).
* May code for rRNA, tRNA and function as protection.
* Largely unknown, previously thought to be junk

Question 19

Promoter

Answer 19

Sequence of gene upstream that signal “start here” to RNA polymerase

Question 20

Terminator

Answer 20

Sequence of gene downstream that signals “stop here” to RNA polymerase

Question 21

mRna

Answer 21

Messenger RNA. Single strand of rna synthesized during transcription; complimentary to coding strand of DNA. It’s the translated form of DNA that the cellular machinery can read.

Question 22

Template strand

Answer 22

Strand of DNA that RNA polymerase reads. Goes in 3’ to 5’ direction and is the opposite of the pre-mRNA

Question 23

Coding strand

Answer 23

The strand that the RNA polymerase doesn’t read. Goes in the 5’ to 3’ direction. Almost identical copy of pre-mRNA (U’s instead of T’s)

Question 24

Protein coding genes

Answer 24

Genes that have the code for building different proteins. 1.5% of genome.

Question 25

RNA polymerase

Answer 25

Enzyme that breaks apart and binds together hydrogen bonds in DNA (bubble). Also adds the nucleotides to form pre-mRNA

Question 26

Introns

Answer 26

Section of mRNA between exons that need to be removed to form mature mRNA. Breaks up info free nucleotides.

Question 27

Exons

Answer 27

Section of mRNA that build a mature mRNA molecule

Question 28

Splicing

Answer 28

The process of cutting and rejoining parts of the pre-mRNA to form mature mRNA ( that can code for proteins outside the nucleus)

Question 29

Alternative splicing

Answer 29

Some exons also removed; allows different combinations of exons ➡️ expression of multiple different proteins from a single gene.

Question 30

rRNA

Answer 30

Ribosomal RNA, builds up the ribosome along with proteins

Question 31

Codon

Answer 31

Set of 3 nucleotides in mRNA. Codes for different amino acids. When I. Ribosome; in small ru. Moves through the sites through sites as the L ru reads mRNA

Question 32

Anticodon

Answer 32

Carried by tRNA. Carries an amino acid. Matches with its complementary codon in the A site (large ru). Then leaves amino acid and exits at E site

Question 33

tRNA

Answer 33

Transfer RNA. Strand of DNA in a particular shape that allows it to carry amino acids to a ribosome by matching a codon in mRNA with the anticodon on the tRNA

Question 34

Start codon

Answer 34

The start of the mRNA strand that binds to the small ru. At the beginning of translation.

Question 35

Termination codon

Answer 35

The codon at the end of mRNA. It’s anticodon doesn’t carry amino acid ➡️ amino acid chain releases and everything disassembles.

Question 36

P-site

Answer 36

Peptital site (polypeptide) 2 binding site, where the amino acid forms a chain by binding with the new amino acids in site A

Question 37

E-site

Answer 37

Exit site. Where the tRNA exits the ribosome ➡️ space for new tRNA in a site

Question 38

A-site

Answer 38

Amino acid site. Where new tRNA molecules anticodons match with the codons of the mRNA.

Question 39

Enzyme

Answer 39

A type of protein that allows chemical reactions to happen more easily