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Biology Genetics And Cells > Cell Division > Flashcards

Cell Division Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Cell division

A

Set of processes a parent cell goes through to form daughter cells

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2
Q

Diploid

A

Diploid cells have 2 copies of the chromosomes/ 2 complete sets.
23 chromosome pairs (46 chromosomes)

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3
Q

Tetraploid

A

When a cell has 4 homologous sets of chromosomes

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4
Q

Chromosome

A

Section of genome that is tightly coiled.

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5
Q

Cell cycle

A

Describes the different phases a cell undergoes in life.
2 main phases: interphase & mitotic phase.
Occurs every 24-30h depending on cell

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6
Q

Mitosis

A

Occurs regularly
Results in 2 diploid daughter cells (identical to mother cell)
Part of the cell cycle (mitotic phase).

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7
Q

G0 phase

A

Interphase subphase.
The cell isn’t actively dividing, it’s just fullfiling it’s cellular duties/functions

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8
Q

G1 phase

A

Growth phase.
Cell preparing for division. Grows, lots of protein synthesis (used for ➡️) organelles duplicated.
Stimulated by growth hormones/factors

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9
Q

S phase

A

Synthesis phase. Copies of DNA are synthesises (parent cell diploid ➡️tetraploid, 2n ➡️4n). The centrosome (involved in mitosis) is duplicated..

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10
Q

G2 phase

A

Final growth push. Organelle duplication occurs. Copied dna is checked for mistakes & corrected.

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11
Q

Mitotic phase

A

Mitosis+ cytokinesis. Leads to 2 diploid daughter cells

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12
Q

Prophase

A

*Chromatin condenses into chromatids.
*Chromatids find their copy and attach at the centromere (middle of chromatids) which forms sistercromatids.
*Nuclear envelope starts dissolving
*Centrosomes (made of centrioles) move to opposite sides of cell- begin to form spindle apparatus that attaches to centromere

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13
Q

Metaphase

A

Spindle apparatus lines upp sistercromatids at equator. One chromosomes from each pair is faced towards each en of cell

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14
Q

Anaphase

A

Chromatids are pulled apart at centromere - spindle apparatus shortens it’s fibers.
Each chromosomes pulled toward opposite sides of cell

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15
Q

Telophase

A

*Chromosomes start to uncoil at the ends of the cell.
* 2 nuclear envelopes form around the 2 sets of DNA
* Spindle apparatus is broken down

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16
Q

Cytokinesis

A
  • cytoplasm divides into 2
    *Actin pinches cell in half
  • New cell membrane is built
  • Cell separates into 2 diploid daughter cells
17
Q

Chromatin

A

Dna wrapped around histone

18
Q

Sister chromatids

A

2 copies of exactly the same chromosome

19
Q

Centromere

A

Central point of chromosome where the sistercromatids are stuck together

20
Q

Centriole

A

Organelle in centrosome. Important for the build of kärnspolen som pulls apart the chromosomes during anaphase.

21
Q

Spindle apparatus

A

Series of microtubules. Attaches to centromere and later pulls apart sistercromatids

22
Q

Meiosis

A

Type of cell division necessary for sexual reproduction
Results in 4 genetically unique haploid daughter cells.
Also called reduction division (results in fewer chromosomes in cell)
Takes place in ovaries and testies.
Has 2Meiotic phases

23
Q

Prophase I

A

1: chromatin condenses into chromosomes
* Nuclear envelope breaks down
* Centrosomes move to opposite ends - spindle apparatus starts forming

24
Q

Metaphase I

A

Fibers form spindle attach to paired homologous chromosomes and then line up in pairs at equator.
Lines up in groups of 4 chromosomes/ 2 sister chromatids

25
Q

Anaphase I

A

Fibers from spindle apparatus shortens, chromosomes from each homologous pair are separated.
*Sister chromatids pulled towards opposite ends of cell

26
Q

Telophase I

A

Spindle apparatus is broken down

27
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Chromosomes similar in size, shape and genetic coding. They pair up so that crossing over can happen

28
Q

Crossing over

A

2 sister chromatids that are homologous chromosomes have random parts of their genetic information swapped. Facilitated by enzymes.
➡️ Genetic diversity (also why genetically unique daughter cells)

29
Q

Gamete

A

Könscell (1n)
Result of meiosis

30
Q

Reduction division

A

Meiosis. Called this because the daughter cells have fewer sets of chromosomes (1n)

31
Q

Haploid

A

Cell that only has 1 set of chromosomes

32
Q

Centrosome

A

Made of 2 centrioles. Forms spindle apparatus

33
Q

Prophase 2

A

*If necessary chromatin condenses into chromosomes and nuclear envelope breaks down
*centrosomes move to opposite poles & spindle apparatus starts forming
*Fibers from each pole of spindle apparatus attaches to sister chromatids

If paus: new centrosomes. If not: splits in 2

34
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids line up individually at equator by fibers of spindle apparatus

35
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Fibers of spindle apparatus contract, separating sistercromatids and pulling to opposite ends of cell

36
Q

Telophase 2

A

*Nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes
*Chromosomes decondense

Biology Genetics And Cells (5 decks)

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