Cells

Question 1

Macromolecules

Answer 1

A big molecule in a biosphere.
Type of molecule that make up living things.
Protein, carbohydrates, nucleic acid
Lipids (not polymer)

Question 2

Polymer

Answer 2

Molecule made of small repeating units
Ex protein, carbohydrates & nucleic acid

Question 3

Monomer

Answer 3

The small unit that is repeated in a polymer

Question 4

Carbohydrates

Answer 4

Kolhydrat
Made up of polysaccharides (made of monosaccharides) .
Stores energy
Used to build cell wall
Necessary for cellular respiration - make atp

Question 5

Monosaccharide

Answer 5

The Simplest form of sugars and the most basic units (monomers) from which all carbohydrates are built.
Ex glucose

Question 6

Polysaccharides

Answer 6

Many monosaccharides
Ex glycogen
Kedjda av sammanbundna socker molekyler

Question 7

Monomeric unit

Answer 7

The repeating unit/monomer
Ex monosaccharides are the monomeric unit of polysaccharides

Question 8

Protein

Answer 8

Made of amino acids.
True polymer
Protein structure lvls
1. Primary: offer of amino acids
2. Secondary: amino acids folding into a repeating pattern
3. Tertiary: amino acid chain folded into new shapes. (3D)
R quarternary: (opt) protein consisting of more than 1 chain.

Question 9

Amino acid

Answer 9

20 unique acids
Kemisk förening som innehåller en amino grupp & en karboxylgrupp

Question 10

DNA

Answer 10

Stores genetic instructions for protein synthesis and reproduction.
A nucleic acid.
Made of nucleotides.
In eukaryotes: bound around proteins in nucleus.
In prokaryotes: ringformad. Inte i nucleus.

Question 11

RNA

Answer 11

Nucleic acid.
Made of nucleotides.
Macromolecule
1 sträng, har U istf T

Question 12

Nucleic acid

Answer 12

Dna o rna
Made from nucleotides.
2 types:
pyrimidines: 5 + 6 member ring nitrogenous base
purines: 6 member ring nitrogenous base.

Question 13

Lipid

Answer 13

Not a true polymer, has sections that are polymer like.
Head= hydrofile, tail= hydrophobic (polymer part), have polar atoms
➡️allows only specific things through

Stores energy, insulates, cellmembrane, Messenger molecules, carry/ catch molecules/atoms.

Question 14

Organelle

Answer 14

Organ like structures with specific instructions.
i ett eget membran
Finns i eukaryotes. Prokaryotes lack the majority of organelles

Question 15

Ribosome

Answer 15

Site of protein synthesis from dna instructions. Made up of rna and proteins. Has 2 subunits: large ru. and small ru. In Large ru there are 3 tRNA binding locations; A, P & E

Question 16

Cytoplasm

Answer 16

Liquid inside the cell. (Liquid=cytosol)
Innehåller: (mäst) vatten, salter, näringsämnen, proteiner och organellerna

Question 17

Nucleus

Answer 17

Kärnan, stores the genetic code

Question 18

Golgi apparatus

Answer 18

Sorts and labels proteins
“ Post office”

Question 19

Rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER)

Answer 19

Ribosomes on surface
Synthesises proteins

Question 20

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (sER)

Answer 20

Synthesises lipids
Inga ribosomes på ytan

Question 21

Mitochondria

Answer 21

✨The powerhouse of the cell ✨
Energy transformation/ cell respiration
Produces ATP

Question 22

Cytoskeleton

Answer 22

Ger form till cellen . Fungerar oxå som transportmedel / pathway för ex proteins.
Består av tråd formade protein fibrer

Question 23

Vacuole

Answer 23

Water storage organell in plants. Reglerar vatten balans o lagrar avfalls produkter.

Question 24

Chloroplast

Answer 24

Organell som innehåller klorofyll vilket låter växter göra photosynthesis.

Question 25

Cell wall

Answer 25

Utanför cellmembrane på växtceller. Består av cellulosa, lignin o proteiner. I svamp: kitin.
De flesta prokaryotes har cell wall.
Provides: Structural support, shape, protection and selective barrier.

Question 26

Domain

Answer 26

Broadest classification of living things.
3 domains. Archaea, bacteria, eukarya

Question 27

Archaea

Answer 27

Single cell without nucleus.
Often extremophiles.

Question 28

Bacteria

Answer 28

Single cell without nucleus
Many are pathogenic- cause disease.

Question 29

Prokaryote

Answer 29

Archaea + bacteria.
Together because both have ringformad dna (+plasmider - mindre ringar m extra gener), cell walls, och var de som först splitta från varandra.
Betyder “ före kärna”

Question 30

Eukaryote

Answer 30

Single or multicellular
Have nucleus with genetic material.
Kommer från archaea branchen.
Betyder “ good kärna”

Question 31

Peptide

Answer 31

Molekyl som består av en kedja amino syror som sitter ihop med peptid bindningar.
Delar av proteiner

Question 32

Nucleotide

Answer 32

Phosphate group + monosaccharide + nitrogenous base
( What dna & rna is made of)

Question 33

Criteria for life

Answer 33

1 growth over lifetime & development
2 metabolism: energy from chemical reaction
3 regulation of conditions in the internal environment ex blood & pH lvl
4 responsive to surroundings to a extent
5 structure: built from smaller structures w/ particular functions
6 adaptation over time (evolution) to conditions of environment
7 reproduction: sexual or asexual.