Cellular respiration - Learning outcomes/ questions

Question 1

Glycolysis is the breakdown of what?

Answer 1

Glycolysis is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

Question 2

ATP is required for what during glycolysis?

Answer 2

ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates during the energy investment phase of glycolysis.

Question 3

ATP is required for the phosphorylation of glucose and intermediates during the energy investment phase of glycolysis. What does this lead to?

Answer 3

This leads to the generation of more ATP during the energy pay-off stage and results in a net gain of ATP.

Question 4

In aerobic conditions pyruvate is broken down into what and what does it combine with to form coenzyme A?

Answer 4

In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is broken down to an acetyl group that combines with coenzyme A forming acetyl coenzyme A.

Question 5

In the citric acid cycle, the acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A combines with what to form what?

Answer 5

In the citric acid cycle the acetyl group from acetyl coenzyme A combines with oxaloacetate to form citrate.

Question 6

During what citrate is citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate which results in what?

Answer 6

During a series of enzyme controlled steps, citrate is gradually converted back into oxaloacetate which results in the generation of ATP and release of carbon dioxide.

Question 7

The citric acid cycle occurs where?

Answer 7

The citric acid cycle occurs in the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 8

What enzymes remove hydrogen irons and electrons and what to they pass them to forming NADH?

Answer 8

Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to the coenzyme NAD, forming NADH.

Question 9

Dehydrogenase enzymes remove hydrogen ions and electrons and pass them to the coenzyme NAD, forming NADH. Where does this occur?

Answer 9

This occurs in both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.

Question 10

The hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed to what and where?

Answer 10

The hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH are passed to the electron transport chain on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 11

The electron transport chain is a series of what and attached where?

Answer 11

The electron transport chain is a series of carrier proteins attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 12

What are passed along the electron chain and what do they release?

Answer 12

Electrons are passed along the electron transport chain releasing energy.

Question 13

What does this energy allow to happen?

Answer 13

This energy allows hydrogen ions to be pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane.

Question 14

The flow of what through the membrane of protein ATP synthases results in what?

Answer 14

The flow of these ions back through the membrane protein ATP synthase results in the production of ATP.

Question 15

What is the final equasion in the electron transport chain?

Answer 15

Finally, hydrogen ions and electrons combine with oxygen to form water.

Question 16

In the absence of what, what takes place in the cytoplasm?

Answer 16

In the absence of oxygen, fermentation takes place in the cytoplasm.

Question 17

In what type of cells, what is converted to lactate in a reversible reaction.

Answer 17

In animal cells, pyruvate is converted to lactate in a reversible reaction.

Question 18

In what type of cells, what is produced in an irreversible reaction?

Answer 18

In plants and yeast, ethanol and CO2 are produced in an irreversible reaction

Question 19

Fermentation results in what?

Answer 19

Fermentation results in much less ATP being produced than in aerobic respiration.

Question 20

What is the role of ATP?

Answer 20

ATP is used to transfer energy to cellular processes which require energy.