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AAA BIO108: General Physiology > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

Step-by-step breakdown of high-energy glucose molecules to release energy

Takes place day and night in all living cells and occurs in stages controlled by enzymes.

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2
Q

What are the four metabolic stages of cellular respiration?

A
  • Glycolysis
  • Pyruvate oxidation
  • Krebs cycle
  • Electron transport chain
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3
Q

Where does glycolysis occur?

A

In the cytosol

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4
Q

What is the equation for cellular respiration?

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → ATP + 6H2O + 6CO2 (+ heat)

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5
Q

What is ATP in the context of cellular respiration?

A

Energy currency of cells

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6
Q

How often does a working muscle cell recycle its ATP molecules?

A

About once each minute

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7
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

Respiration without O2, occurs in the cytosol

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8
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

Respiration using O2, occurs in mitochondria

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9
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from glycolysis?

A

2 ATP

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10
Q

What are the products of glycolysis?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pyruvate
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11
Q

What is the primary role of glycolysis in cellular respiration?

A

To break down glucose into pyruvate

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12
Q

What happens to pyruvate in the presence of oxygen?

A

It is converted to acetyl CoA and enters the Krebs cycle

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13
Q

What is the Krebs cycle also known as?

A

Citric Acid Cycle

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14
Q

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

A

In the mitochondrial matrix

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15
Q

What is the primary function of the electron transport chain?

A

To produce ATP through oxidative phosphorylation

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16
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

ATP is formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

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17
Q

What is the fate of NADH during fermentation?

A

It is recycled to NAD+

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18
Q

What are the two types of fermentation?

A
  • Alcoholic fermentation
  • Lactic acid fermentation
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19
Q

What is produced during alcoholic fermentation?

A
  • Ethanol
  • CO2
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20
Q

What is produced during lactic acid fermentation?

A

Lactic acid

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21
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

A

To allow H+ to flow through and bond Pi to ADP to form ATP

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22
Q

What is the significance of electron carriers like NADH and FADH2?

A

They transfer electrons to the electron transport chain

23
Q

How many NADH are produced in one turn of the Krebs cycle?

A

3 NADH

24
Q

Fill in the blank: Glycolysis is an _______ pathway.

A

[ancient]

25
Q

True or False: Glycolysis occurs only in aerobic conditions.

A

False

26
Q

What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?

A

It is utilized by all cells and evolved in an anaerobic atmosphere

27
Q

What is the purpose of the grooming phase in cellular respiration?

A

To prepare pyruvate for entry into the Krebs cycle

28
Q

How many ATP are generated from one molecule of glucose in glycolysis?

A

4 ATP produced, net gain of 2 ATP

29
Q

What happens to pyruvate under anaerobic conditions?

A

It undergoes fermentation

30
Q

What is the initial reactant for glycolysis?

A

Glucose

31
Q

What is the net gain of ATP from the Krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP

The Krebs cycle also yields 8 NADH and 2 FADH2.

32
Q

What are the primary roles of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration?

A

Electron carriers and H carriers

They are reduced molecules that move electrons and H+ ions to be used in the Electron Transport Chain.

33
Q

How much ATP can be yielded from one glucose molecule in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

~34 ATP

This occurs only in the presence of O2 (aerobic respiration).

34
Q

What is the function of the Electron Transport Chain?

A

Transport of electrons linked to pumping of H+ to create H+ gradient.

35
Q

What is chemiosmosis?

A

The diffusion of ions across a membrane

It links the Electron Transport Chain to ATP synthesis.

36
Q

Who proposed the chemiosmotic hypothesis?

A

Peter Mitchell

This revolutionary idea was proposed in 1961 and further developed in 1978.

37
Q

What happens to electrons as they flow through the Electron Transport Chain?

A

They move downhill to O2, releasing energy in a controlled manner.

38
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain?

A

O2

39
Q

What occurs if O2 is unavailable during cellular respiration?

A

ETC backs up, ATP production ceases, and cells run out of energy.

40
Q

What is the role of ATP synthase in cellular respiration?

A

Synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi using the H+ gradient.

41
Q

List the main products of glycolysis.

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 pyruvate
42
Q

What are the products of the Krebs cycle per glucose molecule?

A
  • 2 ATP
  • 6 NADH
  • 2 FADH2
  • 4 CO2
43
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which glucose is broken down to pyruvate is called _______.

A

Glycolysis

44
Q

What are the two main types of energy carriers produced during cellular respiration?

A
  • NADH
  • FADH2
45
Q

True or False: The Krebs cycle directly produces the majority of ATP in cellular respiration.

A

False

The majority of ATP is produced during the Electron Transport Chain.

46
Q

What is the significance of the proton motive force in ATP synthesis?

A

It drives the flow of protons through ATP synthase to generate ATP.

47
Q

What happens to the protons (H+) during the Electron Transport Chain?

A

They are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane to create a gradient.

48
Q

How do fats enter the Krebs cycle?

A

They are degraded into individual fatty acids and glycerol, which are then converted to acetyl-CoA.

49
Q

What is the process called when excess intermediates from the Krebs cycle are used to build necessary molecules?

A

Biosynthesis

50
Q

Fill in the blank: The main purpose of the Krebs cycle is to _______ energy carriers.

A

produce

51
Q

What is the role of oxygen in cellular respiration?

A

It acts as the final electron acceptor in the Electron Transport Chain.

52
Q

What does the term ‘oxidative phosphorylation’ refer to?

A

The process of ATP production linked to the transfer of electrons to O2.

53
Q

What are the consequences of a lack of ATP in cells?

A

Cells run out of energy and can die.

54
Q

List the energy tokens produced during cellular respiration.

A
  • 2 ATP from Glycolysis
  • 2 ATP from Krebs Cycle
  • ~34 ATP from Electron Transport Chain

AAA BIO108: General Physiology (12 decks)

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