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AAA BIO108: General Physiology > 1. Homeostasis > Flashcards

1. Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology? (1)

A

THE STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ORGANS AND THEIR INTERRELATIONSHIPS

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2
Q

What is physiology? (2)

A

STUDIES INTERPLAY OF FACTORS THAT AFFECT GROWTH (connectedness of each aspect of the body)

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3
Q

Physiological difference in plants

A
  1. unlimited scheme of growth
  2. non-motile and must rely on immediate nutrient sources
  3. use large amounts of oxygen
  4. conserve nitrogen
  5. transports fluids/food through vascular tissues
  6. Grow throughout their entire lifetime
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4
Q

Physiological difference in animals

A
  1. limited
  2. can move around
  3. give off CO2
  4. Gives off nitrogen as waste
  5. Bloodstream
  6. Reaches a certain stage and growth more or less stops
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5
Q

What are physiologists studying?

A

how these parts work together to allow organisms to perform their normal behaviors and respond to their environment

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6
Q

Physiologists (1)____, learn about the (2)_____, and (3)_____ the function of the animal.

A
  1. design experiments
  2. control and regulation of processes within groups of cells
  3. how the combined activities of these cell groups affect
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7
Q

He is a French physiologist and the father of modern physiology

A

CLAUDE BERNARD (1813-1878)

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8
Q

What did Claude Bernard discover?

A

The “milieu interieur” or the “bodily fluids”

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9
Q

What did Claude Bernard observe?

A

observed that the internal environment remains remarkably constant despite changing conditions in the external environment.

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9
Q

Claude described homeostasis as ?

A

“Constancy of the internal environment is the condition of free life”

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10
Q

Claude Bernard observed the ability of animals to?

A

survive in often stressful and varying environments directly reflects their ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

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10
Q

Walter Cannon (1871-1945)

A

an American physiologist coined the term homeostasis to describe this stable internal environment in 1932

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11
Q

How did Walter Cannon described homeostasis?

A

stable internal environment

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12
Q

Walter Cannon described the … ?

A

extended notion of internal consistency to the organization and function of cells, tissues and organs

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13
Q

TWO THEMES OF PHYSIOLOGY

A
  1. Integration
  2. Homeostasis
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13
Q

What is homeostasis according to Walter Cannon?

A

tendency towards internal stability (1929 – Nobel Prize)

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14
Q

The evolution of homeostasis and the physiological systems that maintain it were?

A

essential factors in allowing animals to venture from relatively “physiologically friendly” environments and invade habitats more hostile to life processes.

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15
Q

TWO THEMES OF PHYSIOLOGY

A

 Integration
 Homeostasis

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15
Q

 Research levels from whole body, to organs, tissues, cells, organelles, and genes

A

integrative physiology

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15
Q

Examples that systems don’t work alone

A

 The respiratory system takes in oxygen and removes waste gases.
 The cardiovascular system is responsible for delivering the oxygen to all parts of our bodies.

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16
Q

examples of organ interrelationships

A

 Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood
 Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems

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16
Q

Hierarchy of biological systems

A
  1. molecule
  2. organelle
  3. cell and tissue
    d. organ
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17
Q

4 types of tissues

A
  1. connective tissue
  2. muscle tissue
  3. nerve tissue
  4. epithelial tissue
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17
Q

 Binds together or supports cells, other tissues/organs

A

connective tissue

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17
Q

 Contracts on stimulation
 Movement, posture and heat production

A

muscle tissue

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18
Q

 Conducts nerve impulses throughout the body

A

nerve tissue

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18
Q

 Covers all body surfaces; lines all cavities; forms glands
 Protective barrier against the environment

A

epithelial tissue

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18
Q

Enumerate the 11 major organ systems

A

 Digestive
 Urinary
 Reproductive
 Nervous
 Endocrine
 Integumentary
 Skeletal
 Muscular
 Circulatory
 Lymphatic
 Respiratory

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19
Q

Unifying themes of physiological processes are regulated to ______

A
  1. maintain internal conditions and trigger an appropriate response physiological state of an animal is part of its phenotype
  2. which arises as the product of the genetic make-up, or genotype
  3. and its interaction with the environment.
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19
Q

5 Subdisciplines of Physiology

A
  1. comparative physiology
  2. environmental physiology
  3. evolutionary physiology
  4. developmental physiology
  5. cell physiology
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20
Q

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

A

comparative physiology

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21
Q

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

A

environmental physiology

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22
Q

techniques are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

A

evolutionary physiology

23
Q

how physiological processes unfold during the organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood

A

developmental physiology

24
Q

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ systems

A

cell physiology

24
Q

What is comparative physiology?

A

species are compared in order to discern physiological and environmental patterns

24
Q

What is environmental physiology?

A

examines organisms in the context of the environments they inhabit (evolutionary adaptations)

25
Q

What is evolutionary physiology?

A

techniques are used to understand the evolution of organisms from physiological viewpoint, focusing on physiological markers rather than anatomic markers

25
Q

Physiology of an organism is very well matched to the environment it occupies, thereby ensuring its survival

A

Adaptation, Acclimatization, and Acclimation

26
Q

What is developmental physiology?

A

how physiological processes unfold during the organism development from embryo through larva or fetus to adulthood

26
Q

What is cell physiology?

A

vital information on the physiology of the cells themselves, which can be used to understand the physiological responses of tissues, organs, and organ systems

27
Q

evolution through natural selection leading to an organism whose physiology, anatomy, and behavior are matched to the demands of its environment

A

adaptation

27
Q

5 Central themes in physiology

A
  1. structure/function relationship
  2. adaptation, acclimatization. and acclimation
  3. homeostasis
  4. control systems
  5. conformity and regulations
28
Q

What does function/structure relationship mean?

A
  1. Form fits function at all the levels of life, from molecules to organisms
  2. Knowledge of a structure provides insight into what it does and how it works
  3. Conversely, knowing the function of a structure provides insight about its construction
29
Q

5 Examples of structure-function relationship

A

 in the aerodynamic efficiency in the shape of bird wing.
 A honeycombed internal structure produces light but strong bones.
 The flight muscles are controlled by neurons that transmit signals between the wings and brain.
 Ample mitochondria provide the energy to power flight.
 Phenotypic plasticity

30
Q

a physiological process is adaptive ??

A

present at high frequency in the population because it results in a higher probability of survival and reproduction than alternative processes.

31
Q

genetically based, passed on from generation to generation (DNA) and constantly shaped and maintained by natural selection.

A

physiological and anatomic adaptations

32
Q

a physiological, biochemical, or anatomic change within an individual animal during its life that results from an animal’s chronic exposure in its native habitat to new, naturally occurring environmental condition

A

Acclimatization

33
Q

refers to the same process as acclimatization when the changes are induced experimentally in the laboratory or in the wild by an investigator

A

acclimation

34
Q

example of acclimatization

A

animal in migrate to high altitude

35
Q

example of acclimation

A

animal placed in hypobaric chamber

36
Q

The tendency of organisms to regulate and maintain relative internal stability

A

homeostasis

37
Q

3 definitions of Homeostasis

A
  1. DYNAMIC EQUILIBRIUM
  2. IN SPITE OF MULTIPLE STIMULI
  3. MAINTAINED BY NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
38
Q

ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world

A

homeostasis

39
Q

Variables in Homeostasis

A
  1. stimulus
  2. reception
  3. input
  4. output
  5. response
40
Q

What systems regulate homeostasis?

A

Endocrine and nervous

41
Q

antagonistic hormones that help maintain glucose homeostasis

A

insulin and glucagon

41
Q

the pancreas has clusters of endocrine cells called

A

islets of Langerhans

42
Q

blood glucose level increase

A

beta cells release insulin

43
Q

blood glucose level decrease

A

glucagon

43
Q

diabetes mellitus: high blood sugar levels – sugar excreted in the urine

A

hyperinsulinism

44
Q

 autoimmune disorder
 usually appears in childhood
 treatment: insulin injections

A

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin dependent)

44
Q

 usually due to target cells having a decreased responsiveness to insulin
 usually occurs after age 40 – risk increases with age
 accounts for over 90% of diabetes cases

A

Type II diabetes mellitus (non-insulin-dependent diabetes)

44
Q

animals can survive large fluctuations in external osmolarity

A

euryhaline

44
Q

opposite of euryhaline, survive shortly

A

stenohaline

45
Q

Some aquatic invertebrates in temporary ponds lose almost all their body water and survive in a dormant state

A

anhydrobiosis

46
Q

BASIC COMPONENTS OF A HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL SYSTEM (3)

A

Receptor
Control Center
effector

46
Q

detects changes (stimuli) in the body.

A

receptor

46
Q

A __ __ determines a set point for a normal range.

A

control center

47
Q

causes the response determined by the control center

A

effector

48
Q

regulatory processes that maintain homeostasis in the cells and multicellular organisms depend on feedback

A

control systems

49
Q

return of information to a controller that regulates a controlled variable

A

feedback

50
Q

A regulatory mechanism in which a change in a controlled variable triggers a response that opposes the change.

A

negative feedback

50
Q

enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus so that activity is accelerated

A

positive feedback

51
Q

example of positive feedback

A

 Break or tear in blood vessel wall
 Clotting occurs as platelets adhere to site and release chemicals
 Released chemical attract more platelets

52
Q

examples of conformers

A

osmoconformers and oxyconformers

52
Q

environmental challenges induce internal body changes that simply parallel the external conditions (unable to maintain homeostasis)

A

conformers

52
Q

when an organism is confronted with changes in its environment (e.g. changes in oxygen availability or salinity), it can respond in one or two ways: __ or ____

A

conformity and regulation

53
Q

biochemical, physiological, behavioral, and other mechanisms to regulate their internal environment over a broad range of external environmental changes (maintain homeostasis)

A

regulators

54
Q

is based largely on the controlled movement of solutes between internal fluids and the external environment

A

osmoregulation

54
Q

maintain ion concentrations of body fluids above environmental levels when placed in dilute water vice versa

A

osmoregulators

AAA BIO108: General Physiology (12 decks)

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