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AAA BIO108: General Physiology > 2c. Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

2c. Cellular Respiration Flashcards

1
Q

Anaerobic respiration that happens in cytosol

A

glycolysis

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2
Q

4 metabolic stages

A

glycolysis
pyruvate oxidation
krebs cycle
electron transport chain

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3
Q

happens in mitochondria and requires oxygen

A

aerobic respiration

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4
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 =

A

ATP + 6H2O (+heat)

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5
Q

step-by-step breakdown of high energy glucose molecules to release energy

A

cellular respiration

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6
Q

splitting of sugar

A

glycolysis

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7
Q

migration from cytosol to matrix

A

grooming phase

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8
Q

also called chemiosmosis and happens in inner mitochonrial membrane

A

Electron Transport Chain and Oxidative Phosphorylation

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9
Q

energy currency of cells

A

ATP

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10
Q

What happens when a phosphate group is pulled away during a chemical reaction?

A

energy is released

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11
Q

this cycle is the fundamental mode of energy exchange in biological systems

A

ATP-ADP Cycle

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12
Q

how many ATP is produced for every 1 glucose

A

2 ATP

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13
Q

first cells had no organelles

A

prokaryotes

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14
Q

glycolysis
convert:
produces:
consumes:
net:

A

convert glucose (6C) to 2 pyruvate (3C)
prduces 4 ATP & 2 NADH
consumes 2 ATP
net 2 ATP & 2 NADH

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15
Q

1st half of glycolysis is called

A

glucose “priming”

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16
Q

what happens during priming

A
  • get glucose ready to split
  • split destabilized gl
    ucose
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17
Q

what is the 2nd half of glycolysis

A

energy harvest

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18
Q

what happens during energy harvest

A
  • NADH production
  • ATP production
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19
Q

what happens during NADH production

A
  • G3P donates H
  • oxidize sugar
  • reduce NAD+
  • NAD+ to NADH
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20
Q

what happens during ATP production

A
  • G3P to pyruvate
  • PEP sugar donates P
    *ADP to ATP
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21
Q

DHAP

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

22
Q

G3P

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

23
Q

In the last steps of glycolysis, where did the P
come from to make ATP?

A

the sugar substrate (PEP)

24
Q

P is transferred
from
§ kinase enzyme
§ ADP - ATP

A

PEP to ADP

25
Q
A
26
Q

5 reactions of glucose priming

A

hexokinase
phosphoglucose isomerase
phosphofructokinase
aldolase, isomerase
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase

27
Q

5 reactions for energy harvest

A

phosphoglycerate kinase
phosphoglyceromutase
enolase
pyruvate kinase

28
Q

How ATP is formed?

A

formed when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate to ADP

29
Q

more carbons to strip off =

A

more energy to harvest

30
Q

glycolysis plits a glucose
molecule into
2 - 3 Carbon
molecules called

A

pyruvate

31
Q

glycolysis products

A

2 ATP, NADH and pyruvate

32
Q

How is NADH recycled to NAD+?

A

another molecule must accept
H from NADH
• with oxygen
aerobic respiration
• without oxygen
anaerobic respiration
fermentation

33
Q

Fermentation is an aerobic process
• bacteria, yeast
pyruvate - __ + __

A

pyruvate - ethanol + CO2
3C. 2C. 1C

34
Q

animals, some fungi
pyruvate - __

A

pyruvate + lactic acid
3C. 3C
to glycolysis

35
Q

dead end process
at estimately what percent of ethanol kills yeast

A

12

36
Q

alcohol fermentation can’t reverse reaction

A

.

37
Q

reversible process

A

once O2 is available,
lactate is converted
back to pyruvate by
the liver

38
Q

allow H+ to flow
through ATP synthase

A

ATP synthase

39
Q

ADP + Pi - ___

A

ATP

40
Q

Pyruvate enters mitochondria
3 step oxidation process

A

•releases 1 CO2 (count the carbons!)
•reduces 2 NAD - 2 NADH (moves e-
)
•produces acetyl CoA

41
Q

Acetyl CoA enters Krebs cycle

A

Oxidation of Pyruvate

42
Q

Pyruvate oxidized to Acetyl CoA

A

2 x [
Yield = 2C sugar + NADH + CO2]

43
Q

Energy accounting of Krebs cycle

A

Net gain = 2 ATP
= 8 NADH + 2 FADH2

44
Q

If the yield is only 2 ATP then how was
the Krebs cycle an adaptation?

A

– value of NADH & FADH2
• electron carriers & H carriers
– reduced molecules move electrons
– reduced molecules move H+ ions
• to be used in the Electron Transport Chain

45
Q

series of molecules built into inner
mitochondrial membrane
• along cristae
• transport proteins & enzymes

A

electron transport chain

46
Q

how many ATP yields from ETC from 1 glucose

A

34 ATP

47
Q

what “pulls” the
electrons down the ETC?

A

oxidative phosphorylation

48
Q

Stripping H from Electron Carriers

A

NADH passes electrons to ETC

49
Q

Allow the protons
to flow through
ATP synthase

A

proton-motive force

50
Q

The diffusion of ions across a membrane

A

chemiosmosis

51
Q

Proposed chemiosmotic hypothesis

A

Peter Mitchell

52
Q

What is the final
electron acceptor in Electron Transport
Chain?

A

O2

AAA BIO108: General Physiology (12 decks)

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