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AAA BIO108: General Physiology > 3. Chemical Signals in Animals > Flashcards

3. Chemical Signals in Animals Flashcards

1
Q

2 Regulatory Mechanisms

A

A. nervous system
B. Endocrine System

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2
Q

conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells

A

nervous system

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3
Q

nervous system

A

conveys high-speed
electrical signals along specialized cells
called neurons; these signals regulate
other cells

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4
Q

secretes hormones
that coordinate slower but longer-acting
responses including reproduction,
development, energy metabolism, growth,
and behavior

A

endocrine system

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4
Q

endocrine system

A

secretes hormones
that coordinate slower but longer-acting
responses including reproduction,
development, energy metabolism, growth,
and behavior

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4
Q

chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and communicate regulatory messages within the body

A

Animal Hormones

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5
Q

Animal hormones are _____ that are ______and within _____

A
  1. chemical signals
  2. secreted into the
    circulatory system
  3. communicate
    regulatory messages
  4. the body
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6
Q

Hormones reach all parts of the body,
but _____

A

only target cells are equipped to respond

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7
Q

Insect metamorphosis is regulated by

A

hormones

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8
Q

Vertebrate Endocrine System

A

Exocrine glands
Endocrine Glands

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9
Q

secrete chemicals into ducts and the effect is where the duct empties

A

Exocrine glands

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10
Q

secrete chemical messengers (hormones) into the blood for distribution throughout the animal’s body and bind to specific hormone receptors

A

endocrine glands

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10
Q

Example of exocrine glands

A

sweat glands - sweat (evaporative cooling)

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11
Q

Who experimented the effects of hormones?

A

Arnold Adolph Berthold (1849)

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12
Q

5 Pathways

A
  1. Notch signaling pathways
  2. hedgehog signaling
  3. Canonical pathway
  4. Wnt signaling pathway
  5. non-canonical pathway
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12
Q

Human development is regulated by

A

various signaling pathways

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13
Q

Hormones and signaling molecules bind to ____ triggering ______

A

target receptors
specific response pathways

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13
Q

What signaling pathways are activated in human development?

A

specific chemical signaling molecules

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14
Q

What concept is
hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways

A

Target Cell concept

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15
Q

Elaborate target cell concept

A
  • Hormones and other signaling molecules bind to target receptors, triggering specific response pathways
  • Chemical signals bind to receptor proteins on target cells
  • Only target cells respond to the signal
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16
Q

Paracrine Signaling

A

1.Autocrine Signaling
2.Synaptic Signaling

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17
Q

chemical signals bind to

A

receptor proteins on target cells

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18
Q

What responds to the signals in this concept?

A

target cells

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18
Q

secreted molecules diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses in target cells anywhere in the body. Relatively slow.

A

endocrine signaling

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19
Q

Endocrine signaling type

A

neuroendocrine signaling

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19
Q

Intercellular Communication

A
  1. endocrine signaling
  2. paracrine signaling
  3. direct signaling
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19
Q

for some signals to be
received, the cells must be in direct contact.

A

direct signaling

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20
Q

secreted molecules
diffuse locally and trigger a response in
the cells that secrete them

A

autocrine signaling

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20
Q

Direct signaling examples

A
  1. juxtacrine signaling
  2. signaling through gap junctions
  3. signaling through plasmodesmata
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21
Q

how does direct signaling work

A

interacting membrane proteins on two
different cells, or through special cell-cell junctions.

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21
Q

neurohormones diffuse into the bloodstream and trigger responses

A

Neuroendocrine signaling

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21
Q

types of secreted signaling molecules

A

o Local regulators
o Neurotransmitters
o Neurohormones
o Pheromones
o Hormones

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21
Q

secreted molecules
diffuse locally and trigger a response in neighboring cells. Quick response.

A

paracrine

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21
Q

neurotransmitters diffuse across synapses and trigger responses in cells of target tissues

A

synaptic/neuronal signaling

21
Q

what is local regulators

A

chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

21
Q

chemical signals that travel over short distances by diffusion

A

local regulators

22
Q

function of local regulators

A

help regulate blood pressure, nervous system function, and reproduction

22
Q

2 types of local regulators

A

paracrine
autocrine

22
Q

signals act on cells near the secreting cell

A

paracrine

22
Q

signals act on the secreting cell itself

A

autocrine

22
Q

LC: proteins and polypeptides that stimulate cell proliferation

A

growth factors

22
Q

plays role in immune responses

A

cytokines

23
Q

acts as a neurotransmitter when secreted by neurons, kills bacteria when secreted by WBC, dilates the walls of blood vessels if by endothelial cells

A

Nitric Oxide (NO)

23
Q

the mechanism of erection of penis involves the _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

A

release of nitric oxide
(NO) in the corpus cavernosum

23
Q

enhances the effect of NO by inhibiting PDE5

A

sildenafil

23
Q

modified fatty acids, secreted by the placenta stimulate uterine
contractions during childbirth

A

prostaglandins (PGs)

23
Q

secreted by neurons at many synapses, diffuse a very short distance

A

neurotransmitters

23
Q

bind receptors on target cells, play a role in sensation, memory,
cognition, and movement

A

neurotransmitters

23
Q

example of NT

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

23
Q

secreted by neurosecretory cells, diffuse from nerve cell endings into
the bloodstream

A

Neurohormones

23
Q

NH: increases
water permeability of kidney’s collecting ducts

A

ADH (Vasopressin)

23
Q

chemical signals that are released from
the body and used to communicate with
other individuals in the species

A

pheromones

23
Q

chemicals that transfer information and
instructions between cells in animals and
plants

A

Hormones

23
Q

Function of Hormones (5)

A
  1. regulate growth and development
  2. control the function of various tissues
  3. support reproductive functions
  4. regulate metabolism
  5. slow acting but long lasting
23
Q

chemical signals that are secreted into the circulatory system and
communicate regulatory messages within the body

A

animal hormones

24
Q

Hormones reach

A

all parts of the body, but only target cells have receptors for that hormone

24
Q

loop inhibits a
response by
reducing the
initial stimulus,
thus preventing
excessive pathway activity

A

Negative Feedback

24
Q

Negative Feedback loop example in secretin signaling

A
  1. low pH in duodenum
  2. S cells of duodenum
  3. Secretin
  4. released to pancreatic cells
  5. bicarbonate release
25
Q

reinforces a
stimulus to
produce an
even greater
response

A

Positive
feedback

25
Q

Positive feedback example

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensory neuron
  3. hypothalamus/PP
  4. neurosecretory cell
  5. neurohormone
  6. target cells
  7. response
25
Q

The same hormone may have different effects on target cells that have

A
  1. Different receptors for the hormone
  2. Different signal transduction pathways
  3. Different proteins for carrying out the
    response
26
Q

different ____ in different cells can lead to different responses to the same signal

A

Signal-transduction pathways

26
Q

3 major classes of molecule function as hormones

A
  1. Polypeptides (proteins and peptides)
  2. Amines derived from amino acids
  3. Steroid hormones
26
Q

water soluble hormones?

A

polypeptides and amines

26
Q

lipid-soluble hormones?

A

steroid hormones and other largely non-polar hormones

26
Q

example of water-soluble

A

insulin and epinephrine

27
Q

example of lipid-soluble hormones

A

cortisol and thyroxine

27
Q

hormones are
secreted by exocytosis, travel freely in the bloodstream, and
bind to cell-surface receptors

A

water-soluble

28
Q

Water-soluble bindings

A

bind to receptors in the
plasma membranes of the target cells

29
Q

____ has multiple effects
in mediating the body’s
response to short-term
stress

A

epinephrine

29
Q

_______ hormones
diffuse across cell
membranes, travel in the
bloodstream bound to
transport proteins, and
diffuse through the
membrane of target cells

A

Lipid-soluble

29
Q

lipid-soluble bindings

A

bind to receptors in
the cytoplasm or nucleus of
the target cells

30
Q

response is usually a
change in gene
expression

A

lipid soluble hormones

30
Q

binds to its cytosolic receptor, a
hormone-receptor
complex forms that
moves into the nucleus

A

steroid hormone

30
Q

acts as a transcriptional regulator
of specific target genes

A

receptor part of the complex

31
Q

Pathway of lipid-soluble hormones

A
  1. LS hormone diffuses to plasma membrane
  2. binds with receptor, hormone-receptor complex
  3. complex enters the nucleus and trigger transcription
  4. transcribed mRNA translated into proteins
31
Q

3 events of signaling of hormones

A
  1. reception
  2. signal transduction
  3. response
32
Q

detection of a signal in
the environment

A

response

32
Q

activating series of proteins inside the cell

A

signal transduction

33
Q

change in behavior that occurs inside the cell

A

response

33
Q

clearance of hormones from plasma include:

A
  1. metabolic destruction
  2. binding with the tissues
  3. excretion by the liver into the bile
  4. excretion by the kidneys into the urine
34
Q

2 factors influencing hormone conc in the blood

A
  1. rate of hormone secretion into the blood
  2. rate of removal of the hormone from the blood
34
Q
A
34
Q
A

AAA BIO108: General Physiology (12 decks)

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