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Integrated Science Exam > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

How do living things release energy?

A
  • Most energy used thru conversion of ATP molecules into ADP molecules
  • Thus cells must continually convert ADP molecules
    back into ATP molecules
  • This process is known as
    CELLULAR RESPIRATION
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2
Q

What is breathing?

A

Physical process that allows animals and humans to come into contact with gases in the air.

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3
Q

What is Cellular respiration?

A

Chemical process thatr eleases energy from organic compounds (food), gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules.

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4
Q

What is a Campfire?

A
  • A campfire breaks chemical bonds in wood,
    releasing stored energy as light and heat
  • Cellular respiration breaks chemical bonds in
    glucose, releasing stored energy and transferring
    some to 38 ATP; some energy is lost
    as heat.
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5
Q

is the raw material that provides the
energy for your body to function

A

Food

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6
Q

This use food to synthesize new molecules
to carry out their life processes

A

Cells

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7
Q

Cells do not________ glucose, they slowly release
energy from it and other food compounds
through several pathways (processes).

A

Burn

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8
Q

What is the 1st Pathway?

A

glycolysis: releases only a small
amount of energy (2 net ATP)

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9
Q

If oxygen present, it will lead to two other pathways that
release a lot of energy. What are these?

A

Krebs cycle & Electron Transport
Chain

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10
Q

If oxygen absent glycolysis is followed by a different
pathway:

A

Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid
Fermentation

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11
Q

In presence of_______ glycolysis is
followed by: Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain

A

oxygen (aerobic)

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12
Q

These are the three combined to make up Cellular Respiration

A

Glycolysis + Krebs Cycle + Electron Transport
Chain

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13
Q

Process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Each of these 3 stages captures some of the chemical
energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP
Equation for cellular respiration:

A

6O2 + C6H12O6→ 6CO2 + 6H2O+energy (ATP)

oxygen + glucose→ carbon dioxide + water + energy

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14
Q

The ______ is a series of membrane bound carriers in the mitochondria

A

electron transport chain

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15
Q

What is the process of
glycolysis????

A

Process takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm outside of mitochondria; coverts
glucose with the help of 2 ATP molecules and
eventually releases 4 ATP molecules; for a net
gain of 2 ATP molecules.

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16
Q

Where does the electron transport chain occur?

A

INNER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA

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17
Q

What is cytosol?

A

The fluid(and suspended molecules of salts, sugar, amino acid, enxymes, etc..) around the organells.

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18
Q

Where is the vast majority of ATP made?

A

ETC

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19
Q

What is Cytoplasm?

A

The cytosol PLUS the organelles suspended within it(i.e everything exept the nucleous)

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20
Q

The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are
_______ and release ________

A

oxidized; high energy electrons and
protons

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21
Q

After the Krebs Cycle, the electrons are transferred to here.

A

ETC

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22
Q

Consists of several
transmembrane carrier proteins

A

ETC

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23
Q

As electrons pass through the chain, they lose
______

A

energy

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24
Q

It is the fermentation releases energy from food molecules in absence of oxygen.

A

Anaerobic Respiration:
Fermentation

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25
Q

Cell = ???

A

Plasma membrane + Cytoplasm +Nucleus

Cytoplasm = Cytosol + Organelles

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26
Q

used by the chain to pump
protons (H+ ions) from the matrix

A

energy

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27
Q

The accumulation of H+ ions within the
intermembrane space creates an ________

A

electrochemical
gradient

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28
Q

Other name for electrochemical
gradient

A

Proton motive force

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29
Q

Yeast and a few other microorganisms use __________ ______________, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes

A

alcoholic fermentation

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30
Q

ETC: The ______ force will cause H+ ions to move down their ________ and diffuse back into ____

A

proton motive; electrochemical gradient; matrix

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31
Q

A _________ group is added to glucose in the cytoplasm , by the action of enzyme hexokinase.
In this, a _________ group is transferred from ATP to
glucose forming glucose,6-________.

A

Phosphate

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32
Q

ETC: This diffusion of protons is
called _______

A

chemiosmosis

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33
Q

This process regenerates NAD+ so
glycolysis can continue.

A

Lactic Acid Fermentation

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34
Q

ETC: Chemiosmosis is facilitated by the ____

A

transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase

35
Q

It is made by Lactic Acid Fermentation and Cellular Respiration

A

New ATP

36
Q

Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerised into fructose,6-phosphate by the enzyme _____________.

A

phosphoglucomutase

37
Q

ETC: As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the _____ of the enzyme, synthesizing ATP

A

molecular rotation

38
Q

ETC: In order for the electron transport chain to
continue functioning, the ________ must be removed

A

de-energized electrons

39
Q

ETC: ______ acts as the final electron acceptor,
removing the de-energized electrons

A

Oxygen

40
Q

The other ATP molecule transfers a phosphate
group to fructose 6-phosphate and converts it
into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by the action of
the enzyme ____________.

A

phosphofructokinase

41
Q

ETC: Why must the de-energized electrons be removed?

A

to prevent the chain from becoming blocked

42
Q

The ___________ converts fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which are
isomers of each other.

A

enzyme aldolase

43
Q

ETC: Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix
to form water – removing matrix protons
maintains the ______

A

hydrogen gradient

44
Q

__________ isomerase converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which is the substrate in the successive step of glycolysis.

A

Triose-phosphate

45
Q

ETC: In the absence of ____, hydrogen carriers
cannot transfer energized electrons to the chain
and ATP production is halted

A

oxygen

46
Q

2 types of energy

A

Quick Energy and Long-Term Energy

47
Q

Hydrogen carriers donate ________ to
the electron transport chain

A

high energy electrons

48
Q

The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers __
hydrogen molecule from glyceraldehyde phosphate to nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide to form NADH + H+.

A

1

49
Q

Where is the ETC located (other term)?

A

located on the cristae

50
Q

____________3-phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate to the oxidised glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.

A

Glyceraldehyde

51
Q

As the electrons move through the chain they lose
_______, which is transferred to the _______
within the chain

A

energy; electron carriers

52
Q

_________ is transferred from 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP with the help of phosphoglycerokinase. Thus two molecules of phosphoglycerate and ATP are obtained at the end of this reaction.

A

Phosphate

53
Q

_______ and _______ uses ATP in our body which is already available in muscles.

A

Energy and Exersice

54
Q

The electron carriers use energy to pump
hydrogen ions from the _______ and into the
__________

A

matrix; intermembrane space

55
Q

H+ ions return to the matrix via the ______ (this diffusion of ions is called _______)

A

transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase; chemiosmosis

56
Q

The phosphate of both the phosphoglycerate
molecules is relocated from the_____ to the ______ carbon to yield two molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglyceromutase.

A

Third to second

57
Q

if a cell generates large amounts of ATP from
glycolysis it can run into problems

A

a. the cell’s available NAD+ molecules become filled
up with electrons.
b. glycolysis shuts down, cannot proceed without
available NAD+ molecules.
c. ATP production stops.

58
Q

As the ions pass through ATP synthase they trigger a _______ reaction which produces ATP (from ADP + Pi)

A

phosphorylation

59
Q

Advantages of Aerobic Respiration

A

-Major advantage → more energy released
-Lets organisms live in places where there is little or no oxygen
-Quickly produces ATP

60
Q

No oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when
life first evolved about_____b.y.a

A

3.5 to 4

61
Q

Glycolysis evolved before the other stages
of ___________ other stages need
oxygen

A

cellular respiration

62
Q

Glycolysis is a _____ process

A

fast

63
Q

produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few
milliseconds

A

Cells

64
Q

Mitochondrion has two separate membranes:

A

inner and outer membrane.

65
Q

Mitochondrion Structure Three compartments:

A

intermembrane space,
cristae space, and matrix

66
Q

Extracted by world’s most powerful
electron receptor

A

oxygen

67
Q

________________ require
oxygen thus they are aerobic processes

A

Krebs and Electron Transport

68
Q

-2nd stage of the krebs cycle-

A

hdchbsdchdhbhjd

69
Q

The first step is the condensation of acetyl
CoA with 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form 6C
citrate, coenzyme A is released. The reaction is
___________ by citrate synthase.

A

catalysed

70
Q

_________ is converted to its isomer, isocitrate.
The ____________ catalyses this reaction.

A

Citrate and enzyme aconitase

71
Q

_________undergoes dehydrogenation and
decarboxylation to form 5C 𝝰-ketoglutarate. A molecular form
of ______is released. Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction. It is an NAD+ dependent enzyme. NAD+
is converted to
NADH.

A

Isocitrate and CO2

72
Q

___________ undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to
form succinyl CoA, a 4C compound. The reaction is catalyzed by the 𝝰-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme complex. One molecule of______ is released and NAD+ is converted to NADH.

A

𝝰-ketoglutarate and CO2

73
Q

Succinyl CoA forms __________. The enzyme succinyl
CoA synthetase catalyses the reaction. This is coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP to get GTP. GTP transfers its ________ to ADP forming ATP.

A

succinate and phosphate

74
Q

Succinate is ________by the
enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate.
In the process, FAD is converted to FADH2.

A

oxidised

75
Q

__________ gets converted to malate by
the addition of one H2O. The enzyme catalysing
this reaction is _________

A

Fumarate and fumarase

76
Q

______is dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate, which
combines with another molecule of ___________and starts the new cycle.

A

Malate and acetyl CoA

77
Q

Krebs cycle occurs in the ______

A

mitochondrial matrix

78
Q

These are the products that forms by citric acid cycle

A

-2 molecules of CO2 are released.
-Removal of CO2 or decarboxylation of
citric acid takes place at two places which is :
- In the conversion of isocitrate (6C) to 𝝰-
ketoglutarate (5C)
* In the conversion of 𝝰-ketoglutarate
(5C) to succinyl CoA (4C)

78
Q

These are the products that forms by citric acid cycle

A

-2 molecules of CO2 are released.
-Removal of CO2 or decarboxylation of
citric acid takes place at two places which is :
- In the conversion of isocitrate (6C) to 𝝰-
ketoglutarate (5C)
* In the conversion of 𝝰-ketoglutarate
(5C) to succinyl CoA (4C)

79
Q

1 ATP is produced in the conversion of
succinyl CoA to ___________

A

succinate

80
Q

2 molecules of Acetyl CoA
are produced from ____________ of 2 pyruvates so
two cycles are required per glucose
molecule.

A

oxidative
decarboxylation

81
Q

Carbon dioxide is _______________

A

exhaled (waste product)

82
Q

__________ can be used for cellular activities

A

ATP

83
Q

What does FAD means?

A

Flavin adenine dinucleotide

Integrated Science Exam (9 decks)

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