Cellular Respiration Flashcards
How do living things release energy?
- Most energy used thru conversion of ATP molecules into ADP molecules
- Thus cells must continually convert ADP molecules
back into ATP molecules - This process is known as
CELLULAR RESPIRATION
What is breathing?
Physical process that allows animals and humans to come into contact with gases in the air.
What is Cellular respiration?
Chemical process thatr eleases energy from organic compounds (food), gradually converting it into energy that is stored in ATP molecules.
What is a Campfire?
- A campfire breaks chemical bonds in wood,
releasing stored energy as light and heat - Cellular respiration breaks chemical bonds in
glucose, releasing stored energy and transferring
some to 38 ATP; some energy is lost
as heat.
is the raw material that provides the
energy for your body to function
Food
This use food to synthesize new molecules
to carry out their life processes
Cells
Cells do not________ glucose, they slowly release
energy from it and other food compounds
through several pathways (processes).
Burn
What is the 1st Pathway?
glycolysis: releases only a small
amount of energy (2 net ATP)
If oxygen present, it will lead to two other pathways that
release a lot of energy. What are these?
Krebs cycle & Electron Transport
Chain
If oxygen absent glycolysis is followed by a different
pathway:
Alcoholic Fermentation or Lactic Acid
Fermentation
In presence of_______ glycolysis is
followed by: Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain
oxygen (aerobic)
These are the three combined to make up Cellular Respiration
Glycolysis + Krebs Cycle + Electron Transport
Chain
Process that releases energy by breaking down food molecules in the presence of oxygen
Each of these 3 stages captures some of the chemical
energy available in food molecules and uses it to produce ATP
Equation for cellular respiration:
6O2 + C6H12O6→ 6CO2 + 6H2O+energy (ATP)
oxygen + glucose→ carbon dioxide + water + energy
The ______ is a series of membrane bound carriers in the mitochondria
electron transport chain
What is the process of
glycolysis????
Process takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm outside of mitochondria; coverts
glucose with the help of 2 ATP molecules and
eventually releases 4 ATP molecules; for a net
gain of 2 ATP molecules.
Where does the electron transport chain occur?
INNER MEMBRANE OF MITOCHONDRIA
What is cytosol?
The fluid(and suspended molecules of salts, sugar, amino acid, enxymes, etc..) around the organells.
Where is the vast majority of ATP made?
ETC
What is Cytoplasm?
The cytosol PLUS the organelles suspended within it(i.e everything exept the nucleous)
The hydrogen carriers (NADH and FADH2) are
_______ and release ________
oxidized; high energy electrons and
protons
After the Krebs Cycle, the electrons are transferred to here.
ETC
Consists of several
transmembrane carrier proteins
ETC
As electrons pass through the chain, they lose
______
energy
It is the fermentation releases energy from food molecules in absence of oxygen.
Anaerobic Respiration:
Fermentation
Cell = ???
Plasma membrane + Cytoplasm +Nucleus
Cytoplasm = Cytosol + Organelles
used by the chain to pump
protons (H+ ions) from the matrix
energy
The accumulation of H+ ions within the
intermembrane space creates an ________
electrochemical
gradient
Other name for electrochemical
gradient
Proton motive force
Yeast and a few other microorganisms use __________ ______________, forming ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide as wastes
alcoholic fermentation
ETC: The ______ force will cause H+ ions to move down their ________ and diffuse back into ____
proton motive; electrochemical gradient; matrix
A _________ group is added to glucose in the cytoplasm , by the action of enzyme hexokinase.
In this, a _________ group is transferred from ATP to
glucose forming glucose,6-________.
Phosphate
ETC: This diffusion of protons is
called _______
chemiosmosis
This process regenerates NAD+ so
glycolysis can continue.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
ETC: Chemiosmosis is facilitated by the ____
transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase
It is made by Lactic Acid Fermentation and Cellular Respiration
New ATP
Glucose-6-phosphate is isomerised into fructose,6-phosphate by the enzyme _____________.
phosphoglucomutase
ETC: As the H+ ions move through ATP synthase they trigger the _____ of the enzyme, synthesizing ATP
molecular rotation
ETC: In order for the electron transport chain to
continue functioning, the ________ must be removed
de-energized electrons
ETC: ______ acts as the final electron acceptor,
removing the de-energized electrons
Oxygen
The other ATP molecule transfers a phosphate
group to fructose 6-phosphate and converts it
into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate by the action of
the enzyme ____________.
phosphofructokinase
ETC: Why must the de-energized electrons be removed?
to prevent the chain from becoming blocked
The ___________ converts fructose 1,6-
bisphosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
and dihydroxyacetone phosphate, which are
isomers of each other.
enzyme aldolase
ETC: Oxygen also binds with free protons in the matrix
to form water – removing matrix protons
maintains the ______
hydrogen gradient
__________ isomerase converts dihydroxyacetone phosphate into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate which is the substrate in the successive step of glycolysis.
Triose-phosphate
ETC: In the absence of ____, hydrogen carriers
cannot transfer energized electrons to the chain
and ATP production is halted
oxygen
2 types of energy
Quick Energy and Long-Term Energy
Hydrogen carriers donate ________ to
the electron transport chain
high energy electrons
The enzyme glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase transfers __
hydrogen molecule from glyceraldehyde phosphate to nicotinamide
adenine dinucleotide to form NADH + H+.
1
Where is the ETC located (other term)?
located on the cristae
____________3-phosphate dehydrogenase adds a phosphate to the oxidised glyceraldehyde phosphate to form 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate.
Glyceraldehyde
As the electrons move through the chain they lose
_______, which is transferred to the _______
within the chain
energy; electron carriers
_________ is transferred from 1,3-
bisphosphoglycerate to ADP to form ATP with the help of phosphoglycerokinase. Thus two molecules of phosphoglycerate and ATP are obtained at the end of this reaction.
Phosphate
_______ and _______ uses ATP in our body which is already available in muscles.
Energy and Exersice
The electron carriers use energy to pump
hydrogen ions from the _______ and into the
__________
matrix; intermembrane space
H+ ions return to the matrix via the ______ (this diffusion of ions is called _______)
transmembrane enzyme ATP synthase; chemiosmosis
The phosphate of both the phosphoglycerate
molecules is relocated from the_____ to the ______ carbon to yield two molecules of 2-phosphoglycerate by the enzyme phosphoglyceromutase.
Third to second
if a cell generates large amounts of ATP from
glycolysis it can run into problems
a. the cell’s available NAD+ molecules become filled
up with electrons.
b. glycolysis shuts down, cannot proceed without
available NAD+ molecules.
c. ATP production stops.
As the ions pass through ATP synthase they trigger a _______ reaction which produces ATP (from ADP + Pi)
phosphorylation
Advantages of Aerobic Respiration
-Major advantage → more energy released
-Lets organisms live in places where there is little or no oxygen
-Quickly produces ATP
No oxygen in Earth’s atmosphere when
life first evolved about_____b.y.a
3.5 to 4
Glycolysis evolved before the other stages
of ___________ other stages need
oxygen
cellular respiration
Glycolysis is a _____ process
fast
produce thousands of ATP molecules in a few
milliseconds
Cells
Mitochondrion has two separate membranes:
inner and outer membrane.
Mitochondrion Structure Three compartments:
intermembrane space,
cristae space, and matrix
Extracted by world’s most powerful
electron receptor
oxygen
________________ require
oxygen thus they are aerobic processes
Krebs and Electron Transport
-2nd stage of the krebs cycle-
hdchbsdchdhbhjd
The first step is the condensation of acetyl
CoA with 4-carbon compound oxaloacetate to form 6C
citrate, coenzyme A is released. The reaction is
___________ by citrate synthase.
catalysed
_________ is converted to its isomer, isocitrate.
The ____________ catalyses this reaction.
Citrate and enzyme aconitase
_________undergoes dehydrogenation and
decarboxylation to form 5C 𝝰-ketoglutarate. A molecular form
of ______is released. Isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyses the reaction. It is an NAD+ dependent enzyme. NAD+
is converted to
NADH.
Isocitrate and CO2
___________ undergoes oxidative decarboxylation to
form succinyl CoA, a 4C compound. The reaction is catalyzed by the 𝝰-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase enzyme complex. One molecule of______ is released and NAD+ is converted to NADH.
𝝰-ketoglutarate and CO2
Succinyl CoA forms __________. The enzyme succinyl
CoA synthetase catalyses the reaction. This is coupled with substrate-level phosphorylation of GDP to get GTP. GTP transfers its ________ to ADP forming ATP.
succinate and phosphate
Succinate is ________by the
enzyme succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate.
In the process, FAD is converted to FADH2.
oxidised
__________ gets converted to malate by
the addition of one H2O. The enzyme catalysing
this reaction is _________
Fumarate and fumarase
______is dehydrogenated to form oxaloacetate, which
combines with another molecule of ___________and starts the new cycle.
Malate and acetyl CoA
Krebs cycle occurs in the ______
mitochondrial matrix
These are the products that forms by citric acid cycle
-2 molecules of CO2 are released.
-Removal of CO2 or decarboxylation of
citric acid takes place at two places which is :
- In the conversion of isocitrate (6C) to 𝝰-
ketoglutarate (5C)
* In the conversion of 𝝰-ketoglutarate
(5C) to succinyl CoA (4C)
These are the products that forms by citric acid cycle
-2 molecules of CO2 are released.
-Removal of CO2 or decarboxylation of
citric acid takes place at two places which is :
- In the conversion of isocitrate (6C) to 𝝰-
ketoglutarate (5C)
* In the conversion of 𝝰-ketoglutarate
(5C) to succinyl CoA (4C)
1 ATP is produced in the conversion of
succinyl CoA to ___________
succinate
2 molecules of Acetyl CoA
are produced from ____________ of 2 pyruvates so
two cycles are required per glucose
molecule.
oxidative
decarboxylation
Carbon dioxide is _______________
exhaled (waste product)
__________ can be used for cellular activities
ATP
What does FAD means?
Flavin adenine dinucleotide
