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Biology with Lynette > Cellular Respiration > Flashcards

Cellular Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Cellular Respiration?

A
  • Series of metabolic reactions converting food energy into a usable form - ATP
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2
Q

What is ATP?

A
  • Adenosine Tri Phosphate
  • ATP is unstable
  • Cells make ATP all the time
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3
Q

Read

A
  • In cells, glucose is oxidized through a long series of carefully controlled reactions, during these process energy is released.
  • The released free energy is used to synthesize ATP (by adding phosphate group to ADP to make ATP)
  • Cells generally contain enough ATP to sustain from 30 secs to a few mins of activity
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4
Q

How is ATP regenerated? (see slide 5)

A
  • energy to phosphorylate ADP comes
    from catabolic reactions in the cell.
  • Cellular respiration regenerate ATP when used
    in the cell.
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5
Q

What is Catabolism?

A
  • The breakdown of molecules.

- Stored chemical energy to produce ATP.

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6
Q

What is Anabolism?

A
  • The synthesis of larger molecules from smaller components.

- Uses energy to form ATP.

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7
Q

How do cells make ATP?

A
  • By obtaining glucose to make ATP

- ATP comes from glycolysis ONLY.

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8
Q

Read

A
  • Plants produce glucose during photosynthesis.

- Other organisms obtain glucose from food.

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9
Q

What do organisms store excess glucose?

A
  • Glycogen

- Starch

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10
Q

What is breathing?

A
  • Inhalation of oxygen into lungs to be delivered to cells

- Exhalation of carbon dioxide.

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11
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A
  • Needs oxygen from breathing as part of the metabolic process; carbon dioxide waste is returned to the lungs.
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12
Q

What is Aerobic Cellular Respiration?

A
  • Occurs mainly in the mitochondria.
  • Needs Oxygen.
  • Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy
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13
Q

What are the stages in cellular respiration?

A
  • Stage 1: Glycolysis
  • Stage 2: Citric Acid (Krebs Cycle)
  • Stage 3: Electronic transport chain and ATP synthesis.
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14
Q

What happens in stage 1 : Glycolysis?

A
  • Occurs in the cytosol/cytoplasm
  • Doesn’t require Oxygen
  • 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken down into two 3-carbon pyruvic acid molecules.
  • Produces 2 ATP.
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15
Q

What happens in the Citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle)

A
  • The Pyruvic acid loses a carbon dioxide (decarboxylated).
  • The now 2-carbon molecule enters Citric acid cycle, 2-carbon fragment is metabolized inside mitochondrion
  • The Citric acid cycle completes the oxidation of glucose.
  • Series of enzyme-catalyzed reactions in the mitochondrial matrix.
  • Produces 2 ATP
  • Releases CO2 + NADH
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16
Q

Read

A
  • Most of glucose’s original energy is contained in the electrons transferred to NADH and FADH2.
  • The electrons (and protons) are
    ultimately transferred to oxygen to form water.
17
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

A

: NAD+ - Empty Taxicab for electron

  • The empty taxicab (NAD+) picks up electrons + hydrogen ions (H+).
  • Then becomes a full taxicab (NADH) that carries electrons to their final destinations.
18
Q

What is The Electron Transport Chain?

A
  • Series of proteins in the mitochondrion acting like a

conveyor belt for electrons.

19
Q

What happens in The Electron Transport Chain and ATP Synthesis?

A
  • Proteins oxidize NADH and FADH2 (where all
    electrons come from)
  • NADH drops off electrons and H+ ions.
  • Electrons move through the chain.
  • H+ conc increases as the ions are moved into the
    intermembrane space.
  • Electrons from NADH and FADH2 are passed from one protein to the next, releasing energy for ATP synthesis.
  • ( read) As the electrons travel through the chain, they go from a higher to a lower energy level. Energy is released in these “downhill” electron transfers, and several of the
    protein complexes use the released energy to pump protons (H+) from the mitochondrial matrix to the intermembrane space.
20
Q

What is the non-protein used for oxidation in the Electron Transport Chain?

A
  • Ubiquinone or coenzyme Q
21
Q

Where does glycolysis occur and what does it produce?

A
  • Cytoplasm

- 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, 2 NADH

22
Q

Where does The citric acid cycle occur and what does it produce for both 1 + 2?

A

Cycle 1

  • Mitochondrial matrix
  • 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 NADH, 2 CO2
             Cycle 2
  • Mitochondrial matrix
  • 4 CO2, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
23
Q

Where does The electron transport chain occur and what does it produce?

A
  • Mitochondria; inner membrane

- 30-34 AT, 6 H2O

24
Q

What happens when carbs aren’t available for ATP production?

A
  • For ATP production, cells first use carbohydrates → then fats → and finally proteins.
25
Q

What does Anaerobic respiration not require?

A
  • Oxygen
26
Q

What happens to the muscles during exercise?

A
  • Muscles run low on Oxygen.
  • NAD+ levels decrease.
  • Muscle cells use fermentation to REGENERATE NAD+.
27
Q

Where does Lactic Acid come from?

A
  • Builds up due to fermentation in muscle cells.
28
Q

Where is lactic acid transported to?

A
  • Back to the liver for conversion to pyruvic acid.

- Oxygen debt needs to be restored for conversion.

29
Q

Fermentation Examples?

A
  • Yogurt
  • Sour cream
  • Cheese
  • Microbes transform milk sugars into lactic acid.
  • Yeast cells convert glucose to ethyl alcohol (ethanol).
30
Q

Aerobic Respiration Equation?

A
  • Glucose (C6H12O6) + 6O2 → 6H2O + 6CO2 + Energy

- Glycolysis + Krebs cycle + ETC = 30 - 34 ATP

31
Q

Anaerobic respiration/ Fermentation?

A
  • Glucose (C6H12O6) Lactic Acid

- Glucose (C6H12O6) Ethanol + CO2

Biology with Lynette (11 decks)

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