cellular level Flashcards
The major function of mitochondria is to
generate ATP
Plasma membranes are _________ , which means that some chemicals move easily through plasma membrane while other chemicals do not.
selectively permeable
what are the three main parts of a eukaryotic cell?
plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
if the solute concentration is greater inside of the cell than outside of the cell, water will move by osmosis
into the cell
The following is a particular sequence of base triplet on a DNA molecule: ATG. What is the corresponding codon for the mRNA?
UAC
the overall function of mitosis is
production of new cells
what are the nonpolar parts of phospholipids ?
fatty acid tail groups
This organelle is responsible for synthesis of steroids, phospholipids and functions as a reservoir for Ca2+?
smooth ER
This is the transport process by which gases, like O2 and CO2, move through a membrane.
simple diffusion
This process is division of the cytoplasm.
cytokinesis
Specialized structures within a cell that have a characteristic shape and perform specific functions in cellular growth, maintenance and reproduction are called
organelles
In this transport process, the energy from hydrolysis of ATP is used to drive substances across the membrane against their own concentration gradients.
primary active transport
Microfilaments, intermediate filaments and microtubules are all components of a cell’s
cytoskeleton
During this phase of the cell cycle, organelles duplicate and centrosome replication begins.
interphase
A cell lacking ribosomes will be unable to make the following compounds
proteins
Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles can engulf a worn-out organelle, digest its chemical components, and recycle those digested components?
lysosomes
During phagocytosis, binding of a particle to a plasma membrane receptor triggers formation of ——, which are extensions of the plasma membrane of the phagocyte that eventually surround the particle forming a phagosome.
pseudopods
Which of the following transport processes uses vesicles that fuse with the plasma membrane to secrete materials into the extracellular fluid?
exocytosis
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the cytosol?
cation of electron transport chain carrier proteins
_____ is the transformation of one type of cell into another
metaplasia
what other organelle besides the nucleus contain DNA?
mitochondrion
This is the set of rules that relates the base triplet sequence of DNA to the corresponding codons of
RNA and the amino acids that they specify.
genetic code
Which of the following transport process uses vesicles formed at the plasma membrane to take up extracellular substances and import them into the cell?
endocytosis
the major function of the proteasomes is to
degrade unneeded, damaged, or faulty cellular proteins
This group of proteins is used to switch on and off the kinases that control the progression of somatic cell division from one stage of the cell cycle to the next.
cyclins
The difference in concentration of a specific chemical, like Nat, on the inside and outside of a plasma is referred as a(n)
concentration gradient
This type of membrane protein extends across the entire lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane touching both intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid.
transmembrane protein
the three main components of the lipid bilayer portion of a plasma membrane are
phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids
This type of membrane protein anchors cells to neighboring cells and to protein filaments found outside or inside the cell.
linkers
Which of the following types of membrane proteins function by recognizing and binding to hormones and neurotransmitters?
receptors
how long does the G2 phase normally last?
4-6 hours
A(n) __ is a permanent change in the DNA sequence of a gene.
mutation
This cellular organelle is comprised of a pair of centrioles and the surrounding pericentriolar material.
centrosome
During this phase of cell division, the chromatin fibers condense and shorten into chromosomes that are visible under the microscope.
prophase
This is a measure of a solution’s ability to change the volume of cells by altering their water content.
tonicity
Spermatozoa is the only type of human cell that contains a _
→ which is a whip-like structure
that helps propel the sperm towards an oocyte.
flagellum
A patient would be infused with a
______ solution in
order to ultimately relieve excess interstitial fluid in the brain.
hypertonic
This structure binds to an amino acid and holds it in place on a ribosome until it is incorporated into a polypeptide chain during translation.
tRNA
Which of the following membrane-enclosed organelles contains several oxidases that are involved in oxidation of fatty acids and amino acids during normal metabolism and in detoxification of chemicals like alcohol in the liver?
peroxisomes
The polar portion of a cholesterol molecule, which forms hydrogen bonds with the polar heads of neighboring phospholipids and glycolipids, consists of a
-OH group
Which of the following is the correct sequence of events in bulk-phase endocytosis shown in the figure?
plasma membrane forms vesicle around extracellular droplets > vesicle formed pinches off into cytosol > fusion of lysosome and vesicle > digestion by enzymes > solutes released
This portion of a DNA segment does not code for a protein.
introns
These gene-containing structures consist of highly coiled and folded DNA along protein molecules.
There are 46 of these structures in most cells in the human body.
chromosomes
The human body contains approximately _____ cells, which can be classified into about ______ different cell types.
100 trillion, 200
A gene for a certain protein contains 300 nucleotides.
How many amino acids will ultimately make up the protein molecule?
100
