Cellular Function Flashcards
describe basic cellular structures and function
-cell membrane: bilayer
-cytoplasm
-organelles: golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, rough and smooth E.R.
-nucleus:
-cytoskeleton:
how do cells exchange materials?
note: multiple answers acceptable
(think transporting)
-through the plasma membrane (know that it’s selectively permeable)
-simple diffusion (high to low concentration)
-facilitated diffusion (active or passive)
-endocytosis/exocytosis (pino/phagocytosis)
how do cells obtain energy?
macromolecules are broken down into monomers
(review of those macro to monomer: carbs to glucose, lipids to fatty acids, proteins to amino acids)
where in the cell is energy made?
mitrochondria
how is energy produced within the cell?
(think about cycles)
the monomers are used to create ACETLY-CoA (an enzyme) which is used in the Citric Acid Cycle
what is the Citric Acid Cycle?
a complex series of reactions that utilize oxygen (with carbon dioxide and water as waste products) to create ATP
what is ACETYL-CoA?
an enzyme that is the byproduct of macromolecular metabolism that is utilized by the mitochondria to produce ATP
(taken from the quiz)
how do cells replicate?
-proliferation (cell division and replication)
-mitosis (identical cells division)
TRUE or FALSE: in mitosis, as the cell continues to divide, the ends of the DNA gets shorter
TRUE (taken from presentation)
what does specialization mean?
different types of stem cells doing specific tasks
how are cells differential?
(think the types of stem cells)
-Embryonic Stem Cells
(pluripotent: capable of giving rise to several different cell types)
-Adult Stem Cells
(multipotent: the ability to differentiate into all cell types within one particular lineage)
what are some permanent or irreversible adaptations that a cell might use?
(multiple answers apply!)
-Atrophy: decrease in size and number when demand=low
-Hypertrophy: increase in size and number when demand=high
-Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells in tissues
-Metaplasia: replaced by another cell type in response to chronic irritation
-Dysplasia: cells mutate into different size, shape, type due to trigger, precancerous
what does -plasia mean?
formation, growth , proliferation
list some common causes of cell damage:
(multiple answers apply!)
-Physical: mechanical, temperature
-Chemical: pollution, lead, drugs
-Radiation
-Biological agents: virus, bacteria, parasites
-Low oxygen levels: hypoxia
-Nutritional imbalances: metabolic waste accumulation
what is necrosis?
cell swells and burst, which causes death to the cell
what is carcinogenesis?
the process of how cancer develops
what are the stages of carcinogensis?
-Initiation: exposure of carcinogen, DNA mutation)
-Promation: mutated cells are exposed to factors that promote growth
-Progression: cancer cells grow and invade surrounding tissues, can metastasize or become resistant to treatment
what is metastasize mean?
to spread abnormally
what are the two types of tumors?
Benign or Malignant
what are the stages of cancer?
(note: there is 4)
- Non invasive, minimal differentiation
- Invading local tissues
- Metastasized to local lymph nodes (in the bloodstream)
- Invasive and metastasized to other organs
what is the TNM scale?
TNM= tumor, node, metastasis
is it a tumor, has the tumor metastasized to the lymph node, is it in the blood stream?
what are some possible treatments for cancer?
(multiple answers apply)
-chemotherapy: destroy replicating cells
-radiation: targets cancer cells and blood cells
-surgery: removing cancer until clear margins
- other targeted therapy
