Cellular Function

Question 1

describe basic cellular structures and function

Answer 1

-cell membrane: bilayer
-cytoplasm
-organelles: golgi apparatus, ribosomes, mitochondria, rough and smooth E.R.
-nucleus:
-cytoskeleton:

Question 2

how do cells exchange materials?

note: multiple answers acceptable
(think transporting)

Answer 2

-through the plasma membrane (know that it’s selectively permeable)
-simple diffusion (high to low concentration)
-facilitated diffusion (active or passive)
-endocytosis/exocytosis (pino/phagocytosis)

Question 3

how do cells obtain energy?

Answer 3

macromolecules are broken down into monomers

(review of those macro to monomer: carbs to glucose, lipids to fatty acids, proteins to amino acids)

Question 4

where in the cell is energy made?

Answer 4

mitrochondria

Question 5

how is energy produced within the cell?
(think about cycles)

Answer 5

the monomers are used to create ACETLY-CoA (an enzyme) which is used in the Citric Acid Cycle

Question 6

what is the Citric Acid Cycle?

Answer 6

a complex series of reactions that utilize oxygen (with carbon dioxide and water as waste products) to create ATP

Question 7

what is ACETYL-CoA?

Answer 7

an enzyme that is the byproduct of macromolecular metabolism that is utilized by the mitochondria to produce ATP

(taken from the quiz)

Question 8

how do cells replicate?

Answer 8

-proliferation (cell division and replication)
-mitosis (identical cells division)

Question 9

TRUE or FALSE: in mitosis, as the cell continues to divide, the ends of the DNA gets shorter

Answer 9

TRUE (taken from presentation)

Question 10

what does specialization mean?

Answer 10

different types of stem cells doing specific tasks

Question 11

how are cells differential?
(think the types of stem cells)

Answer 11

-Embryonic Stem Cells
(pluripotent: capable of giving rise to several different cell types)

-Adult Stem Cells
(multipotent: the ability to differentiate into all cell types within one particular lineage)

Question 12

what are some permanent or irreversible adaptations that a cell might use?

(multiple answers apply!)

Answer 12

-Atrophy: decrease in size and number when demand=low

-Hypertrophy: increase in size and number when demand=high

-Hyperplasia: increase in number of cells in tissues

-Metaplasia: replaced by another cell type in response to chronic irritation

-Dysplasia: cells mutate into different size, shape, type due to trigger, precancerous

Question 13

what does -plasia mean?

Answer 13

formation, growth , proliferation

Question 14

list some common causes of cell damage:

(multiple answers apply!)

Answer 14

-Physical: mechanical, temperature

-Chemical: pollution, lead, drugs

-Radiation

-Biological agents: virus, bacteria, parasites

-Low oxygen levels: hypoxia

-Nutritional imbalances: metabolic waste accumulation

Question 15

what is necrosis?

Answer 15

cell swells and burst, which causes death to the cell

Question 16

what is carcinogenesis?

Answer 16

the process of how cancer develops

Question 17

what are the stages of carcinogensis?

Answer 17

-Initiation: exposure of carcinogen, DNA mutation)

-Promation: mutated cells are exposed to factors that promote growth

-Progression: cancer cells grow and invade surrounding tissues, can metastasize or become resistant to treatment

Question 18

what is metastasize mean?

Answer 18

to spread abnormally

Question 19

what are the two types of tumors?

Answer 19

Benign or Malignant

Question 20

what are the stages of cancer?

(note: there is 4)

Answer 20

1. Non invasive, minimal differentiation
2. Invading local tissues
3. Metastasized to local lymph nodes (in the bloodstream)
4. Invasive and metastasized to other organs

Question 21

what is the TNM scale?

Answer 21

TNM= tumor, node, metastasis

is it a tumor, has the tumor metastasized to the lymph node, is it in the blood stream?

Question 22

what are some possible treatments for cancer?

(multiple answers apply)

Answer 22

-chemotherapy: destroy replicating cells
-radiation: targets cancer cells and blood cells
-surgery: removing cancer until clear margins
- other targeted therapy